Implantable Drug Delivery Devices and Methods of Making the Same

ABSTRACT

A drug delivery device is provided that includes a device body, a number of solid, compressed drug tablets, and a retention frame. The device body includes a drug reservoir lumen and a retention frame lumen. The number of solid, compressed drug tablets are positioned in the drug reservoir lumen, and the retention frame is positioned in the retention frame lumen. The drug tablets may be mini-tablets aligned in the drug reservoir lumen, with an interstice formed between any two adjacent drug tablets facilitating deformation of the device body. Systems and method are also provided for loading a drug delivery device. In one embodiment, the method includes positioning one or more solid drug units upstream of the drug delivery device; and driving the drug units into the drug delivery device with a flow of pressurized gas.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 61/220,865, filed Jun. 26, 2009, and U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 61/241,382, filed Sep. 10, 2009, each of which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure is generally in the field of controlled drug delivery,and more particularly in the field of implantable medical devices forcontrolled drug release and drug formulations for use with implantablemedical devices.

A variety of devices and methods have been developed to deliver druglocally or regionally to mitigate problems associated with systemic drugdelivery. Local delivery of drug to some tissue sites could be improved,however, particularly with respect to extended drug delivery fromdevices that are less invasive and uncomfortable for the patient.

Some treatments could be improved by implanting a drug delivery devicein a body lumen or cavity such as the bladder. For example, interstitialcystitis (IC), painful bladder syndrome (PBS), and chronicprostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) are chronic painfuldisorders that are often treated by delivering a lidocaine solution tothe bladder via instillation, but the frequent instillations requiredfor sustained relief entail inconvenience, discomfort, and the risk ofinfection associated with urinary catheterization. Similarly, thesymptoms of neurogenic bladder may be treated by delivering drugs to thebladder via intermittent catheterization, which carries the drawbacksdescribed above, among others. These and other therapeutic orprophylactic treatments, including those for acute post-operative pain,could benefit from drug delivery devices for implantation in thebladder, particularly where local or regional drug delivery is sought,such as when the side effects of systemic drug delivery are intolerableor when bioavailability from oral administration is too low.

Implantable drug delivery devices for the bladder are known but sufferfrom one or more deficiencies. Some such known devices are loaded with adrug solution, which are capable only of carrying and releasing arelatively smaller amount of drug than what could be delivered in a lessvoluminous form, such as without a solvent or carrying fluid for thedrug. An example is the UROS infuser device by Situs Corporation, asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,298, No. 6,183,461, and No. 6,139,535,which can deliver pharmaceutical solutions of, for example, oxybutyninfor the treatment of overactive bladder or mitomycin C for the treatmentof bladder cancer. It would be desirable to provide drug deliverysystems and devices that provide higher ratios of drug volume:devicevolume.

Conventional solid dosage forms are primarily designed for oraladministration and systemic delivery, not local delivery to the bladder.Solid drug forms may not be suited for loading into implantable devices,particularly tiny devices of millimeter or micrometer scales, such as ina manner that is consistent and repeatable. Furthermore, these soliddosage forms are not designed to be sterilized or to be provided insterile packaging.

Accordingly, a need exists for an improved implantable drug deliverydevice, for example, that is sufficiently small to reduce discomfort andpain associated with deployment and retention, that can reduce thenumber of surgical or interventional procedures required forimplantation and delivery of drug over the treatment period, that canprovide controlled delivery over an extended period, that can carry aneffective amount of drug for the extended period in a sufficiently smallpayload volume, and that can be retained in the bladder or other vesicleor lumen without excretion or elimination until the drug payload is atleast substantially released, even when the drug is delivered over aperiod of days or weeks.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a drug delivery device is provided that includes a devicebody, a number of solid, compressed drug tablets, and a retention frame.The device body includes a drug reservoir lumen and a retention framelumen. The number of solid, compressed drug tablets are positioned inthe drug reservoir lumen, and the retention frame is positioned in theretention frame lumen. An interstice between any two adjacent drugtablets facilitates deformation of the device body. The drug tablets maybe mini-tablets aligned in the drug reservoir lumen.

In certain embodiments, the drug tablets include lidocaine hydrochlorideor lidocaine base in tablet form.

The device body may include a drug reservoir tube and a retention frametube. The drug reservoir tube may define the drug reservoir lumen, andthe retention frame tube may define the retention frame lumen. Theretention frame tube may be longitudinally aligned and coupled to thedrug reservoir tube. In such embodiments, the drug reservoir tube andthe retention frame tube may be formed together by an extrusion processor a molding process. The two tubes may include a water permeablesilicone. The device body may include an aperture in fluid communicationwith the drug reservoir lumen. The retention frame may be configured tospontaneously assume a coiled shape. The retention frame may include anelastic wire.

In another aspect, a method is provided for loading a drug deliverydevice. The method may include positioning one or more solid drug unitsupstream of the drug delivery device and driving the drug units into thedrug delivery device with a flow of pressurized gas. The drug deliverydevice may include an elastic tube. Positioning one or more drug unitsupstream of the drug delivery device may further include orienting thedrug units to enter the drug delivery device and/or aligning the drugunits in a row adjacent to an entry into the drug delivery device.Driving the drug units into the drug delivery device with a flow ofpressurized gas may include one or more of directing a positive pressuregas flow toward an entry of the drug delivery device, depressing asyringe filled with air, operating a vacuum associated with an exit ofthe drug delivery device, and blocking at least one orifice of the drugdelivery device to impede the flow of pressurized gas from escaping.

The method may further include one or more of stopping the drug unitsfrom exiting the drug delivery device, permitting the flow ofpressurized gas to travel about outer peripheries of the drug units,filtering the flow of pressurized gas before the gas enters the drugdelivery device to remove contaminants, and filtering the flow ofpressurized gas after the gas exits the drug delivery device to removeat least a portion of any drug particles and/or excipient particlesentrained in the pressurized gas.

In another aspect, a system is provided for loading a drug deliverydevice. The system may include an entry channel, a drug unit source, anda pressurized gas source. The entry channel is in communication with thedrug delivery device and includes a drug entry opening. A drug unitsource is in communication with the entry channel via the drug entryopening. The pressurized gas source is in communication with the entrychannel from a location upstream of the drug entry opening. Thepressurized gas source is operable to direct a flow of pressurized gasthrough the entry channel.

The system may further include a drug unit source valve, a pressurizedgas valve, and a controller. The drug unit source valve may be operableto selectively permit or prevent drug units from passing through thedrug entry opening. The pressurized gas source valve may be operable toselectively permit or prevent the flow of pressurized gas from passingthrough the entry channel. The controller may be operable to control thedrug unit source valve and the pressurized gas source valve.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an embodiment of a drug delivery device.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the drug delivery device shown in FIG. 1,illustrating the drug delivery device inside a deployment instrument.

FIG. 3 is a plan view of another embodiment of a drug delivery device.

FIG. 4 is a plan view of the drug delivery device shown in FIG. 3,illustrating the drug delivery device inside a deployment instrument.

FIG. 5 illustrates cross-sectional views of a device body of the drugdelivery device shown in FIG. 3, with FIGS. 5A and 5B illustratingvarious placements of an aperture.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a solid drug tablet forimplantation or intravesical insertion.

FIG. 7 is an illustration showing the size of an example drug deliverydevice in comparison to an approximation of the bladder trigone region.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a drug reservoir portion, whereinFIG. 8A is a plan view and FIG. 8B is a side cross-sectional view.

FIG. 9 illustrates example shapes for a retention frame of a drugdelivery device.

FIG. 10 illustrates example configurations for drug delivery deviceshaving at least one drug delivery portion and a retention frame portion.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method ofmaking a solid drug tablet.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method ofmaking a drug delivery device.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method ofloading a drug delivery device with drug units.

FIG. 14 is a side view of an embodiment of a system for loading a drugdelivery device with drug tablets.

FIG. 15 is a schematic of another embodiment of a system for loading adrug delivery device with drug units.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a system forloading a drug delivery device with drug units.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the system forloading a drug delivery device shown in FIG. 16.

FIG. 18 illustrates a method of implanting a drug delivery device.

FIG. 19 is a sagittal view of a male patient, illustrating a drugdelivery device exiting a deployment instrument into a bladder of thepatient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Implantable devices are provided that can be deployed, or implanted,into a lumen or body cavity of a patient, such as the bladder or anothergenitourinary site, for release of one or more drugs over an extendedperiod. Drug forms for use with such devices are also disclosed, alongwith systems and methods of making such drug forms and systems andmethods of loading such drug forms into the implantable devices. Thedevices, methods, and drug forms described herein improve upon thosedescribed in U.S. Publication No. 2009/0149833, published Jun. 11, 2009,which is incorporated herein by reference.

The implantable device is designed for deployment into and retentionwithin a portion of the body, such as the bladder. The device may beflexible so that the device can be deformed for insertion, yet onceimplanted the device may resist excretion in response to the forces ofurination or other forces. In particular embodiments, an implantabledrug delivery device is loaded with one or more drugs in the form of anumber of solid drug units, such as tablets or pellets. Using solid drugformulations permits (i) reducing the size of an implantable device thatdelivers a selected payload (e.g., mass of drug) or (ii) increasing thepayload that may be delivered from a device of a selected size, or (iii)a combination thereof.

Advantageously, the drug loaded device in a preferred embodiment isflexible or deformable despite being loaded with solid drug, as eachdrug unit may be permitted to move with reference to adjacent drugunits. In particular, interstices or breaks between the individual drugunits may form reliefs that permit deformation of the device, whileallowing the individual drug units to retain their solid form. In oneembodiment, the solid drug is loaded in the drug delivery device bypositioning one or more drug units near an entry into the drug deliverydevice and driving the drug units into the drug delivery device using apressurized gas source, such as by depressing a syringe of air in fluidcommunication with the device. For example, the drugs may be seriallyaligned in the narrow, elongated lumen of a drug reservoir.

In particular embodiments, the drug delivery device is small, such assmall enough to be inserted through a deployment instrument extendingthrough the urethra into the bladder. Such a device may be loaded withsolid drug tablets that are “mini-tablets” of reduced size. In apreferred embodiment, the drug tablets are substantially smaller thanconventional drug tablets, and unlike conventional tablets that tend tobe squat in shape, the drug tablets may be tall and elongated and/or mayhave flat, rather than convex, end faces. The drug tablets also mayconstitute mostly drug and little or no excipients, so that the drugtablets contain a large amount of drug considering the tablet size. Thedrug delivery device may control release of the drug into the body, andtherefore the drug tablet may include little or no excipients thatcontrol drug release. Instead, the excipients present in the drugtablets may be present primarily or completely to facilitate thetableting process. Thus, the device may provide a very high drug payloadon a volume or weight basis, such as at least 50 wt % drug, in contrastto known intravesical devices, such as sponges or reticulated foamstructures that may be loaded with as little as 1 to 10 wt % drug.

In particular embodiments, the drug delivery device may deliverlidocaine or another cocaine analogue locally to the bladder over arelatively extended time period for the treatment of a condition such asIC/PBS, neurogenic bladder, or pain such as post-operative pain. In suchembodiments, the device may be loaded with lidocaine in solid form, suchas in the form of a number of discrete drug tablets. Compositions ofsuch solid drug tablets are provided, along with methods of making thesame.

The device may be implanted non-surgically and may deliver drug longafter the implantation procedure has ended, both passively and locally.When implanted in the bladder, the device overcomes many deficiencies ofconventional treatments, such as delivery via instillation, which mustbe repeated; delivery via conventional devices, which must be re-filledonce implanted; delivery via catheters, which provide a path forbacteria to migrate into the bladder, and systemic delivery, with itsassociated risk of side effects and reduced drug delivery to the targetsite. On the contrary, the present device can be implanted once and canrelease drug over an extended period without surgery or frequentinterventions, reducing the opportunity for infection and side effects,increasing the amount of drug delivered locally or regionally to thebladder, and improving the quality of life of the patient during thetreatment process.

I. The Implantable Drug Delivery Device

The drug delivery device generally includes two primary parts orportions: the drug reservoir portion and the retention frame portion.The drug reservoir portion may hold the drug to be delivered into thebody, and the retention frame portion may facilitate retaining thedevice in the body.

One example embodiment of a drug delivery device 100 is illustrated inFIG. 1. The device 100 includes a drug reservoir portion 102 and aretention frame portion 104. The drug reservoir portion 102 is attachedto discrete points on the retention frame portion 104 but is otherwiseseparate or spaced apart from the retention frame portion 104. In FIG.1, the device 100 is shown in a relatively expanded shape suited forretention in the body, and in FIG. 2 the device 100 is shown in arelatively lower-profile shape for deployment through the channel 200 ofa deployment instrument, such as a cystoscope or other catheter.Following deployment into the body, the device 100 may assume therelatively expanded shape to retain the drug delivery device in the bodycavity or lumen.

For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “relatively higher-profileshape” or “retention shape” generally denotes any shape suited forretaining the device in the intended implantation location, includingbut not limited to the pretzel shape shown in FIG. 1 that is suited forretaining the device in the bladder. Similarly, the term “relativelylower-profile shape” or “deployment shape” generally denotes any shapesuited for deploying the drug delivery device into the body, includingthe linear or elongated shape shown in FIG. 2 that is suited fordeploying the device through the working channel of catheter,cystoscope, or other deployment instrument positioned in a lumen of thebody, such as the urethra. In one embodiment, the drug delivery devicenaturally assumes the relatively expanded shape, in which case thedevice may be deformed, either manually or with the aid of an externalapparatus, into the relatively lower-profile shape for insertion intothe body, and once deployed the device may spontaneously or naturallyreturn to the initial, relatively expanded shape for retention in thebody.

In particular, the retention frame portion may include a retention framethat retains the device in the body, such as in the bladder. Theretention frame may have a certain elastic limit and modulus that allowsthe device to be introduced into the body in a relatively lower-profileshape but then permits the device to return the relatively expandedshape once inside the body. The device may also have a sufficientelastic modulus to impede the device from assuming the relativelylower-profile shape once implanted, so as to limit or preventaccidentally expulsion of the device from the body under expectedforces. For example, the characteristics of the retention frame may beselected to facilitate retaining the device in the relatively expandedshape despite expected forces in the bladder, such as the hydrodynamicforces associated with urination or contraction of the detrusor muscle.Thus, expulsion from the bladder is impeded or prevented so that thedevice can deliver a drug into the bladder over an extended time period.Such a configuration facilitates delivering a drug such as lidocaine tothe bladder over an extending period for the treatment of conditionssuch as interstitial cystitis, neurogenic bladder, or pain, amongothers.

FIG. 3 illustrates another example embodiment of a drug delivery device300 that has a drug reservoir portion 302 and a retention frame portion304, and FIG. 4 illustrates the device 300 in a working channel 402 of adeployment instrument 400. The drug reservoir and retention frameportions 302, 304 of the drug delivery device 300 are longitudinallyaligned and are coupled to each other along their length.

In particular, the drug delivery device 300 includes an elastic orflexible device body 306 that defines a drug reservoir lumen 308 and aretention frame lumen 310. The drug reservoir lumen 308 is designed tohouse a drug formulation, such as a number of solid drug tablets 312, toform the drug reservoir portion 302. The retention frame lumen 310 isdesigned to house a retention frame 314 to form the retention frameportion 304. The illustrated lumens 308, 310 are discrete from eachother, although other configurations are possible.

As shown in the cross-sectional views of FIG. 5, the device body 306includes a tube or wall 322 that defines the drug reservoir lumen 308and a tube or wall 324 that defines the retention frame lumen 310. Thetubes 322, 324 and lumens 308, 310 can be substantially cylindrical,with the drug reservoir lumen 308 having a relatively larger diameterthan the retention frame lumen 310, although other configurations can beselected based on, for example, the amount of drug to be delivered, thediameter of the retention frame, and deployment considerations such asthe inner diameter of the deployment instrument. The device body 306 maybe formed integrally, such as via molding or extrusion, althoughseparate construction and assembly of the tubes 322, 324 is possible.The wall 324 that defines the retention frame lumen 310 may extend alongthe entire length of the wall 322 that defines drug reservoir lumen 308,so that the retention frame lumen 310 has the same length as the drugreservoir lumen 308 as shown, although one wall may be shorter than theother wall in other embodiments. Further, the two walls 322, 324 areattached along the entire length of the device in the illustratedembodiment, although intermittent attachment can be employed.

As shown in FIG. 3, the drug reservoir lumen 308 is loaded with a numberof drug units 312 in a serial arrangement. For example, between about 10and about 100 drug units 312 may be loaded, such as between about 30 andabout 70 drug units 312, or more particularly between about 50 and 60drug units 312. However, any number of drug units may be used. The drugreservoir lumen 308 includes an entry 330 and an exit 332, which areshown as relatively circular openings at opposite ends of the drugreservoir lumen 308. The entry 330 provides ingress for the drug units312 to be placed into the drug reservoir lumen 308 during device loadingand assembly, such as by a flow of pressurized gas, in which case theexit 332 provides egress for the flow of pressurized gas to escape fromthe drug reservoir lumen 308. Once the drug units 312 are loaded, atleast two end plugs 320 block the entry 330 and exit 332. The end plugs320 may be cylindrical plugs inserted into the entry 330 and the exit332, each having a slightly larger outer diameter than an inner diameterof the drug reservoir lumen 308 so that the plugs substantially enclosethe entry 330 and exit 332 and are snugly retained in position. In somecases, a number of end plugs 320 can be positioned in the entry 330 orthe exit 332. The end plugs 320 also may be omitted, in which case theentry 330 and exit 332 may be closed with a material, such as adhesive,that is placed in the drug reservoir lumen 308 in workable form andcures therein.

In some embodiments, the drug tablets 312 may not fill the entire drugreservoir lumen 308. In such embodiments, a filling material may be usedto fill the remainder of the drug reservoir lumen 308. For example, thedrug tablets 312 may be loaded in a central portion of the drugreservoir lumen 308 and the filling material may be loaded in theremaining end portions of the drug reservoir lumen 308. The fillingmaterial may be inserted into the end portions of the drug reservoirlumen 308 after the lumen is filled with the drug tablets 312. Thefilling material may be a polymeric adhesive material, such as siliconeadhesive. The adhesive may be placed in the drug reservoir lumen 308 inworkable form and may cure therein. Suitable adhesives may cure at roomtemperature or in response to an external stimulus, such as heat. Anexample of a suitable silicone adhesive is MED3-4213 by Nusil TechnologyLLC. In some cases, the filling material may enclose the entry 330 andexit 332, in which case the end plugs 320 may or may not be provided.The filling material also may be a number of end plugs 320 inserted intothe end portions of the drug reservoir lumen 308.

Once the drug units 312 are loaded, interstices 316 or breaks may beformed between adjacent drug units 312. The interstices or breaks 316may serve as reliefs that accommodate deformation or movement of thedevice 300, while permitting the individual drug units 312 to retaintheir solid form during storage and deployment. Thus, the drug deliverydevice 300 may be relatively flexible or deformable despite being loadedwith a solid drug, as each drug unit 312 may be permitted to move withreference to adjacent drug units 312. Along the length of the devicedrug reservoir lumen 308, the drug units 312 may have the samecomposition or may vary in composition, and in some cases drug units 312of different compositions may be in distinct reservoirs that aresegregated, either axially or radially, along the length of the drugreservoir lumen 308.

The retention frame lumen 310 is loaded with the retention frame 314,which may be an elastic wire formed from nitinol or another superelasticor shape-memory material. The retention frame 310 may be configured tospontaneously return to a retention shape, such as the illustrated“pretzel” shape or another coiled shape.

The material used to form the device body 306 may be elastic or flexibleto permit moving the device 300 between deployment and retention shapes.When the device is in the retention shape, the retention frame portion304 may tend to lie inside the drug reservoir portion 302 as shown,although the retention frame portion 304 can be positioned inside,outside, above, or below the drug reservoir portion 302 in other cases.The flexible material also allows the device body 306 to flex outward orcircumferentially expand in response to a flow of pressurized gasthrough the drug reservoir lumen 308 during drug loading, as describedbelow. The material used to form the device body 306 also may be waterpermeable or porous so that solubilizing fluid can enter the drugreservoir portion 302 to solubilize the drug units 312 once the deviceis implanted. For example, silicone or another biocompatible elastomericmaterial may be used.

Although not shown in FIG. 1, the drug delivery device 100 may be loadedwith similar drug units, and interstices or breaks may be formed betweenthe drug units so that the device 100 is flexible.

In one embodiment in which the drug delivery device is designed to beimplanted in the bladder, the drug delivery device is designed to beinserted into (and optionally retrieved from) the bladder through theurethra cystoscopically. Thus, the device may be sized and shaped to fitthrough a narrow tubular path of a deployment instrument, such as acatheter or cystoscope. Typically, a cystoscope for an adult human hasan outer diameter of about 5 mm and a working channel having a diameterof about 2.4 mm. Thus, the device may be relatively small in size. Forexample, when the device is elastically deformed to the relativelylower-profile shape, the device for an adult patient may have a totalouter diameter that is less than about 2.6 mm, such as less than about2.4 mm. For pediatric patients, the dimensions of the device may besmaller, such as proportionally smaller based on anatomical sizedifferences and/or on the drug dosage differences between adult andpediatric patients.

In addition to permitting insertion, the relatively small size of thedevice may also reduce patient discomfort and trauma to the bladder. Forexample, the relatively small size of the device may reduce irritationof the bladder trigone, which is responsible for creating the sensationof urgency of urination. However, the overall size of the device islarger than the bladder trigone area so that the device cannot becomeconfined or trapped within the trigone area. For example, a bladder ofan adult human typically has a capacity of about 500 mL and may have adiameter of about 12.6 cm when full. The trigone region can beapproximated as a triangle having a top vertex that represents thebladder neck and two bottom vertices that represent the ureteralorifices. FIG. 7 shows an example triangle T that approximates thetrigone of an adult male. In a male, the distance from the bladder neckto one of the ureteral orifices is about 2.75 cm and the distancebetween the two ureteral orifices is about 3.27 cm. Thus, in FIG. 7, thedistance from the top vertex to either of the bottom vertices is about2.8 cm, while the distance between two bottom vertexes is 3.3 cm. Thedevice 700 may be sized so that when the device 700 overlays thetriangle T, substantially the entire triangle T fits within an interiorof the device 700. Such sizing ensures the device cannot become trappedin the trigone region. Of course, the size of the device can be varieddepending on the size of the animal and the corresponding trigoneregion. In an adult female, for example, the distance between the twoureteral orifices is about 2.68 cm and the distance from a neck of thebladder to one of the ureteral orifices is about 2.27 cm. Smalleranimals may have smaller trigone regions. The device also may have othersizes with respect to the trigone region, however.

The device also may have a density that is less than the density ofurine or water, so that the device may float inside the bladder. Suchfloatation, although not required, may prevent the device from touchingthe sensitive trigone region of the bladder near the bladder neck. Forexample, the device may be formed from relatively low density materialsof construction, or air or other gas may be entrapped in the device. Theouter surface of the device, furthermore, may be soft and smooth withoutsharp edges or tips.

The exact configuration and shape of the implantable drug deliverydevice may be selected depending upon a variety of factors including thespecific site of deployment or implantation, the route of implantation,the drug and dosage regimen, and the therapeutic application of thedevice. The design of the device may minimize the patient's pain anddiscomfort, while locally delivering a therapeutically effective dose ofthe drug to a tissue site in a patient, such as the urothelial tissue.

The implantable drug delivery device can be made to be completely orpartially resorbable so that no explantation, or retrieval, of thedevice is required following release of the drug formulation. As usedherein, the term “resorbable” means that the device, or part thereof,degrades in vivo by dissolution, enzymatic hydrolysis, erosion, or acombination thereof. In one embodiment, this degradation occurs at atime that does not interfere with the intended kinetics of release ofthe drug from the device. For example, substantial resorption of thedevice may not occur until after the drug formulation is substantiallyor completely released. In another embodiment, the device is resorbableand the release of the drug formulation is controlled at least in partby the degradation or erosion characteristics of the resorbable devicebody. Alternatively, the implantable drug delivery device may be atleast partially non-resorbable. In some embodiments, the device isformed from materials suited for urological applications, such asmedical grade silicone, natural latex, PTFE, ePTFE, PLGA, PGS, stainlesssteel, nitinol, elgiloy (non ferro magnetic metal alloy), polypropylene,polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyester, nylon, or combinations thereof.

Following release of the drug formulation, the device and/or theretention frame may be removed substantially intact or in multiplepieces. In one particular embodiment, the device is partially resorbableso that the device, upon partial resorption, breaks into non-resorbablepieces small enough to be excreted from the bladder. Usefulbiocompatible resorbable and non-resorbable materials of constructionare known in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, the drug delivery device is sterilized, suchas after the device is manufactured/assembled and before the device isimplanted. In some cases, the device may be sterilized after the deviceis packaged, such as by subjecting the package to gamma irradiation orethylene oxide gas.

The Drug Reservoir Portion

In one embodiment, the drug reservoir portion of the device includes anelongated tube. An interior of the tube may define one or more drugreservoirs, and a drug formulation may be housed in the drugreservoir(s). In another embodiment, the drug reservoir portion is in aform other than a tube.

The release rate of the drug from the drug reservoir portion generallyis controlled by the design of the combination of the device components,including but not limited to the materials, dimensions, surface area,and apertures of the drug reservoir portion, as well as the particulardrug formulation and total mass of drug load, among others.

An example of such a drug reservoir portion is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.As shown, the drug reservoir portion 800 generally includes a bodyformed from an elastomeric tube 802. The tube 802 defines a reservoir804 that contains a number of drug tablets 806. Ends of the tube 802 maybe sealed with sealing structures 808, described below. At least oneaperture 810 may be disposed in the tube 802. In cases in which anaperture 810 is provided, the aperture 810 may be closed by a degradabletiming membrane 812, which may control the initiation of release of thedrug formulation from the reservoir. In some cases, a sheath or coating814 may be positioned about at least a portion of the tube 802 tocontrol or reduce the release rate, such as by reducing the osmoticsurface area of the tube or by reducing diffusion through the tube wall.For simplicity, the sheaths or coatings 814 are not shown in FIG. 8B.Additional examples are shown in FIGS. 1-4.

In one embodiment, the drug reservoir portion operates as an osmoticpump. In such embodiments, the tube may be formed from a water permeablematerial, such as a silicone, or tube may have a porous structure, orboth. Following implantation, water or urine permeates through the wallof the tube, enters the reservoir, and is imbibed by the drugformulation. Solubilized drug is dispensed at a controlled rate out ofthe reservoir through the one or more apertures, driven by osmoticpressure in the reservoir. The delivery rate and overall performance ofthe osmotic pump is affected by device parameters, such as the surfacearea of the tube; the permeability to liquid of the material used toform the tube; the shape, size, number and placement of the apertures;and the drug formulation dissolution profile, among other factors. Thedelivery rate can be predicted from the physicochemical parametersdefining the particular drug delivery system, according to well knownprinciples, which are described for example in Theeuwes, J. Pharm. Sci.,64(12):1987-91 (1975). In some embodiments, the device may initiallyexhibit a zero-order release rate and subsequently may exhibit areduced, non-zero-order release rate, in which case the overall drugrelease profile may be determined by the initial zero-order release rateand the total payload. Representative examples of osmotic pump designs,and equations for selecting such designs, are described in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2009/0149833.

In an alternative embodiment, the device may operate essentially bydiffusion of the drug from the tube through (i) one or more discreteapertures formed in the wall of the tube or (ii) through the wall of thetube itself, which may be permeable to the drug or may have a number ofpores machined or otherwise formed therethrough for permitting passageof the drug, or (iii) a combination thereof. In embodiments in whichdiffusion occurs through the wall, the aperture(s) may not be included.An example is provided below in Example 1. In still other embodiments,the device may operate by a combination of osmosis and diffusion.

The drug reservoir portion may be formed from an elastomeric material,which may permit elastically deforming the device for its insertion intoa patient, e.g., during its deployment through deployment instrumentsuch as a cystoscope or catheter. For example, the tube may beelastically deformed along with the retention frame for intravesicalimplantation, as described in further detail below.

In preferred embodiments, the drug reservoir portion is formed from amaterial that is both elastomeric and water permeable. An examplematerial is silicone that is both elastomeric and water permeable,although other biocompatible materials may be used.

The length, diameter, and thickness of the tube may be selected based onthe volume of drug formulation to be contained, the desired rate ofdelivery of the drug from the tube, the intended site of implantation ofthe device within the body, the desired mechanical integrity for thedevice, the desired release rate or permeability to water and urine, thedesired induction time before onset of initial release, and the desiredmethod or route of insertion into the body, among others. The tube wallthickness may be determined based on the mechanical properties and waterpermeability of the tube material, as a tube wall that is too thin maynot have sufficient mechanical integrity while a tube wall that is toothick may experience an undesirably long induction time for initial drugrelease from the device.

In one embodiment, the device body is non-resorbable. It may be formedof a medical grade silicone tubing, as known in the art. Other examplesof suitable non-resorbable materials include synthetic polymers selectedfrom poly(ethers), poly(acrylates), poly(methacrylates), poly(vinylpyrolidones), poly(vinyl acetates), poly(urethanes), celluloses,cellulose acetates, poly(siloxanes), poly(ethylene),poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and other fluorinated polymers,poly(siloxanes), copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the device body is resorbable. In one embodimentof a resorbable device, the tube of the body is formed of abiodegradable or bioerodible polymer. Examples of suitable resorbablematerials include synthetic polymers selected from poly(amides),poly(esters), poly(ester amides), poly(anhydrides), poly(orthoesters),polyphosphazenes, pseudo poly(amino acids), poly(glycerol-sebacate)(PGS), copolymers thereof, and mixtures thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the resorbable synthetic polymers are selected frompoly(lactic acids), poly(glycolic acids), poly(lactic-co-glycolicacids), poly(caprolactones), and mixtures thereof. Other curablebioresorbable elastomers include poly(caprolactone) (PC) derivatives,amino alcohol-based poly(ester amides) (PEA) and poly (octane-diolcitrate) (POC). PC-based polymers may require additional cross-linkingagents such as lysine diisocyanate or 2,2-bis(ε-caprolacton-4-yl)propaneto obtain elastomeric properties.

In one embodiment, the material forming the device body may include an“antimicrobial” material, such as a polymer material impregnated withsilver or another antimicrobial agent known in the art.

The tube of a drug reservoir portion tube may be substantially linearand in some cases may be substantially cylindrical with a circularcross-section, although square, triangle, hexagon, and other polygonalcross-sectional shapes can be used, among others.

The ends of the tube may be sealed to limit escape of the drug, such aswith a sealing structure or other sealing means. The sealing structuremay have any shape suited to plug or close the tube end, such as acylinder 808 as shown in FIG. 8A, a ball, a disk, or others. Additionalsealing structures are shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, with FIG. 1 illustratingball-shaped sealing structures 116 and FIG. 3 illustrating cylindricallyshaped sealing structures 320. In some embodiments, the sealingstructure may have a larger diameter than the inner diameter of thetube, such that the tube stretches to fit snugly about the sealingstructure, closing the tube and retaining the sealing structure inplace. An example is shown in FIG. 8A. The sealing structure may beformed from biocompatible material, including a metal such as stainlesssteel, a polymer such as silicone, a ceramic, sapphire, or adhesive,among others or combinations thereof. The material may be biodegradableor bioerodible. A medical grade silicone adhesive or other adhesive alsomay be loaded into the tube in a workable form and may then cure withinthe tube to seal the end.

In some embodiments, the tube may have multiple reservoirs. Eachreservoir may be defined by a portion of the tube inner surface and atleast one partition. The partition may be a partition structure or pluginserted into the tube, such as a cylinder, sphere, or disk, amongothers, in which case the partition structure may have a largercross-section than the tube, securing the partition structure in placeand segregating adjacent reservoirs. For example, the cylindrical plug808 of FIG. 8A that closes the tube end may instead serve as a partitionstructure to segregate two reservoirs positioned adjacent to each otheralong the length of the tube. The partition may be non-porous orsemi-porous, non-resorbable or resorbable and may be formed of amaterial described above with reference to the cylindrical plug 808. Thepartition also may be formed in the tube, such as by molding. Forexample, one or more webs may extend through the tube along its lengthto segregate axial reservoirs that extend along the length of the tube,as shown in Examples J through L of FIG. 10. The partition also may be astructure that joins two different tubes that serve as separatereservoirs, as shown in Examples M through O of FIG. 10.

The multiple reservoirs permit segregating two or more different drugformulations in different reservoirs, delivering a single drug fromdifferent reservoirs at different rates or times following implantation,or combinations thereof. For example, two different reservoirs may havedifferent configurations, such as different materials, differentpermeabilities, different numbers or placements of apertures (or theabsence of apertures), different timing membranes in the apertures,among others or combinations thereof. The two different reservoirs alsomay house the same or different drug formulations in the same ordifferent forms (such as liquid, semi-solid, and solid), or combinationsthereof. The two different reservoirs further may be configured torelease drug via different release mechanisms, such as via osmosisthrough an aperture and by diffusion through a drug reservoir wall thatmay lack an aperture completely. Coatings or sheaths also may beprovided along different portions of a single drug reservoir or alongdifferent drug reservoirs housing the same or different drugformulations. These embodiments can be combined and varied to achievethe desired release profile of the desired drug.

For example, the onset of release of two doses in different reservoirscan be staged by configuring the device accordingly, such as by usingdifferent materials for portions of the tube defining differentreservoirs, by associating the aperture(s) of different reservoirs withdifferent timing membranes, by placing drugs with different solubilitiesin the reservoirs, or by placing drugs with different forms in thereservoirs, such as a liquid form for immediate release and a solid formto be solubilized prior to release. Thus, the device may release somedrug relatively quickly after implantation while other drug mayexperience an induction time before beginning release.

In one embodiment, the total volume of the reservoir (or combinedreservoirs) is sufficient to contain all the drug needed for localdelivery over the course of a single treatment, reducing the number ofprocedures needed to treat a particular condition.

Apertures

In some embodiments, the device includes one or more apertures ororifices for dispensing the drug, such as via osmosis, diffusion, or acombination thereof, among other. The apertures may be spaced along thetube to provide a passageway for release of the drug formulation. Theapertures or orifices may be positioned through a sidewall or an end ofthe tube. The apertures may be in fluid communication with one or morereservoirs. Embodiments of apertures are shown on the drug reservoirportions in FIGS. 1, 3, and 8 as apertures 114, 318, and 810,respectively.

The aperture may be located about a middle of the drug reservoir portionor adjacent to its exit, which may affect the ease of loading solid drugunits into the drug reservoir portion as described below. The aperturesmay be positioned away from a portion of the tube that will be foldedduring insertion to limit tearing of degradable membranes on theapertures.

In embodiments in which the device includes a device body that definesboth drug reservoir and retention frame lumens, such as the embodimentshown in FIG. 3, the aperture or apertures may have various positions onthe wall of the drug reservoir lumen with reference to the wall of theretention frame lumen. For example, as shown in FIG. 5A, the aperture318 may be formed through the wall 322 of the drug reservoir lumen 308on an opposite side from the wall 324 of the retention frame lumen 310.Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5B, the orifice 318 may be formed in agroove or indent defined between the walls 322, 324 of the drugreservoir lumen 308 and the retention frame lumen 310. When the orifice318 is so positioned, the walls 322, 324 serve as bumpers that impedethe orifice 318 from becoming positioned directly adjacent to theimplantation site, such as the bladder wall, reducing the likelihood ofdelivering a large quantity of drug to one particular location However,such placement may not be necessary, and further, the aperture placementshown in FIG. 5A may be relatively easier to achieve from amanufacturing perspective.

The size, number, and placement of the apertures may be selected toprovide a controlled rate of release of the drug. A device that operatesprimarily as an osmotic pump may have one or more apertures sized smallenough to reduce diffusion of the drug through the aperture(s), yetlarge enough and spaced appropriately along the tube to reduce thebuildup of hydrostatic pressure in the tube. Within these constraints,the size and number of apertures for a single device (or reservoir) canbe varied to achieve a selected release rate. In exemplary embodiments,the diameter of the aperture is between about 20 μm and about 500 μm,such as between about 25 μm and about 300 μm, and more particularlybetween about 30 μm and about 200 μm. In one particular example, theaperture has a diameter between about 100 μm and about 200 μm, such asabout 150 μm. In embodiments where the device operates primarily bydiffusion, the apertures may be in this range or larger. A single devicemay have apertures of two or more different sizes. The aperture may becircular, although other shapes are possible and envisioned, with theshape typically depending on manufacturing considerations. Examples ofprocesses for forming the apertures include mechanical punching, laserdrilling, laser ablation, and molding. The aperture may slightly taperfrom an exterior to an interior of the tube, and the aperture may becreated either before or after the drug is loaded into the tube. Theaperture also may be formed in an orifice structure disposed in an endof the tube, such as a ruby or sapphire precision orifice structurefrom, for example, Bird Precision Orifices, Swiss Jewel Company.

In some embodiments, the drug reservoir portion may not have anyapertures, in which case the drug may be released via a releasemechanism other than osmosis, such as diffusion through the wall of thedrug reservoir portion. Similarly, a drug reservoir portion havingmultiple discrete drug reservoirs may have apertures associated withall, some, or none of the drug reservoirs, in which cases release fromthe different drug reservoirs may occur via different releasemechanisms.

Degradable Membranes

In one embodiment, a degradable membrane, i.e., a timing membrane, isdisposed over or in the apertures (e.g., in register with the aperture)to control the onset of release of the drug formulation. The degradablemembrane may be a coating over all or some of the outer surface of thetube or a discrete membrane above or within the aperture. Two or moredegradable membranes also may be used to control release from oneaperture. The membranes may be formed, for example, of a resorbablesynthetic polymer (such as polyester, a poly(anhydride), or apolycaprolactone) or a resorbable biological material (such ascholesterol, other lipids and fats). An example degradable membrane 812is shown in FIG. 8B, and additional details are described in U.S.Publication No. 2009/0149833.

The Drug Formulation

The drug formulation can include essentially any therapeutic,prophylactic, or diagnostic agent, such as one that would be useful todeliver locally to a body cavity or lumen or regionally about the bodycavity or lumen. The drug formulation may consist only of the drug, orone or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be included. Thedrug may be a biologic. As used herein, the term “drug” with referenceto any specific drug described herein includes its alternative forms,such as salt forms, free acid forms, free base forms, and hydrates.Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are known in the art and mayinclude lubricants, viscosity modifiers, surface active agents, osmoticagents, diluents, and other non-active ingredients of the formulationintended to facilitate handling, stability, dispersibility, wettability,and/or release kinetics of the drug.

In a preferred embodiment, the drug formulation is in a solid orsemi-solid form in order to reduce the overall volume of the drugformulation and thereby reduce the size of the device, facilitatingimplantation. The semi-solid form may be, for example, an emulsion orsuspension; a gel or a paste. In many embodiments, the drug formulationdesirably includes no or a minimum quantity of excipient for the samereasons of volume/size minimization.

In one embodiment, the drug is a high solubility drug. As used herein,the term “high solubility” refers to a drug having a solubility aboveabout 10 mg/mL water at 37° C. In particular embodiments, the release ofthe high solubility drug from the drug reservoir is predominately drivenby osmotic pressure and occurs via one or more apertures in the sidewallof the elastic tube of the drug reservoir, although other configurationsare possible.

In another embodiment, the drug is a low solubility drug. As usedherein, the term “low solubility” refers to a drug having a solubilityfrom about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL water at 37° C. In a particularembodiment, the release of the low solubility drug from the drugreservoir is predominately or exclusively diffusion driven and occursvia interconnected passing pores or machined apertures in the sidewallof the elastic tube of the drug reservoir. An example is provided belowin Example 1, which describes the release of lidocaine hydrochloridemonohydrate, lidocaine base, or both, from devices with one aperture, anumber of apertures, or no apertures. In other embodiments, the drug mayhave a higher or lower solubility. In one embodiment, the drug isformulated to improve its apparent solubility in the implantationenvironment, such as its apparent solubility in urine within thebladder.

In one embodiment, the implantable drug delivery device is used toprovide pain relief to the patient. A variety of anesthetic agents,analgesic agents, and combinations thereof may be used. In oneembodiment, the device is used to deliver one or more local anestheticagents. The local anesthetic agent may be a cocaine analogue. Inparticular embodiments of the device, the local anesthetic agent is anaminoamide, an aminoester, or a mixture thereof. Combinations ofdifferent aminoamides or combinations of different aminoesters areenvisioned. Representative examples of possible aminoamides includelidocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, articaine andropivacaine. Representative examples of possible aminoesters includebenzocaine, procaine, proparacaine, and tetracaine. These localanesthetics typically are weak bases and may be formulated as a salt,such as a hydrochloride salt, to render them water-soluble, although theanesthetics also can be used in free base or hydrate form.

In certain embodiments, the analgesic agent includes an opioid.Representative examples of opioid agonists include alfentanil,allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide,buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine,dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine,dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene,dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine,ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene fentanyl, heroin,hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone,ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine,meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine,nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone,nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone,papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine,phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol,properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine, tramadol,pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. Otheropioid drugs, such as mu, kappa, delta, and nociception opioid receptoragonists, are contemplated.

Representative examples of other suitable pain relieving agents includesuch agents include salicyl alcohol, phenazopyridine hydrochloride,acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, flufenisal, ibuprofen, indoprofen,indomethacin, naproxen.

In certain embodiments, the drug delivery device is used to treatinflammatory conditions such as interstitial cystitis, radiationcystitis, painful bladder syndrome, prostatitis, urethritis,post-surgical pain, and kidney stones. Non-limiting examples of specificdrugs for these conditions include lidocaine, glycosaminoglycans (e.g.,chondroitin sulfate, sulodexide), pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS),dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), oxybutynin, mitomycin C, heparin, flavoxate,ketorolac, or a combination thereof. For kidney stones, the drug(s) maybe selected to treat pain and/or to promote dissolution of renal stones.

In one particular embodiment, the drug delivery device is used inassociation with the placement of a ureteral stent, such as to treatpain, urinary urgency or urinary frequency resulting from ureteral stentplacement. Non-limiting examples of specific drugs for such treatmentinclude anti-muscarinics, α-blockers, narcotics, and phenazopyridine,among others.

The drug delivery device can be used, for example, to treat urinaryincontinence, frequency, or urgency, including urge incontinence andneurogenic incontinence, as well as trigonitis. Drugs that may be usedinclude anticholinergic agents, antispasmodic agents, anti-muscarinicagents, β-2 agonists, alpha adrenergics, anticonvulsants, norepinephrineuptake inhibitors, serotonin uptake inhibitors, calcium channelblockers, potassium channel openers, and muscle relaxants.Representative examples of suitable drugs for the treatment ofincontinence include oxybutynin, S-oxybutylin, emepronium, verapamil,imipramine, flavoxate, atropine, propantheline, tolterodine, rociverine,clenbuterol, darifenacin, terodiline, trospium, hyoscyamin, propiverine,desmopressin, vamicamide, clidinium bromide, dicyclomine HCl,glycopyrrolate aminoalcohol ester, ipratropium bromide, mepenzolatebromide, methscopolamine bromide, scopolamine hydrobromide, iotropiumbromide, fesoterodine fumarate, YM-46303 (Yamanouchi Co., Japan),lanperisone (Nippon Kayaku Co., Japan), inaperisone, NS-21 (NipponShinyaku Orion, Formenti, Japan/Italy), NC-1800 (Nippon Chemiphar Co.,Japan), ZD-6169 (Zeneca Co., United Kingdom), and stilonium iodide.

In another embodiment, the drug delivery device is used to treat urinarytract cancer, such as bladder cancer and prostate cancer. Drugs that maybe used include antiproliferative agents, cytotoxic agents,chemotherapeutic agents, or a combination thereof. Representativeexamples of drugs which may be suitable for the treatment of urinarytract cancer include Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, cisplatin,doxorubicin, valrubicin, gemcitabine, mycobacterial cell wall-DNAcomplex (MCC), methotrexate, vinblastine, thiotepa, mitomycin,fluorouracil, leuprolide, diethylstilbestrol, estramustine, megestrolacetate, cyproterone, flutamide, a selective estrogen receptormodulators (i.e. a SERM, such as tamoxifen), botulinum toxins, andcyclophosphamide. The drug may be a biologic, and it may comprise amonoclonal antibody, a TNF inhibitor, an anti-leukin, or the like. Thedrug also may be an immunomodulator, such as a TLR agonist, includingimiquimod or another TLR7 agonist. The drug treatment may be coupledwith a conventional radiation or surgical therapy targeted to thecancerous tissue.

In still another embodiment, the present intravesical drug deliverydevice is used to treat infections involving the bladder, the prostate,and the urethra. Antibiotics, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal,antiseptic, antiviral and other antiinfective agents can be administeredfor treatment of such infections. Representative examples of drugs forthe treatment of infections include mitomycin, ciprofloxacin,norfloxacin, ofloxacin, methanamine, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin,amoxicillin, nafcillin, trimethoprim, sulfonamidestrimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole,tetracycline, kanamycin, penicillins, cephalosporins, andaminoglycosides.

In other embodiments, the present drug delivery device is used to treatfibrosis of a genitourinary site, such as the bladder or uterus.Representative examples of drugs for the treatment of fibroids includepentoxphylline (xanthine analogue), antiTNF, antiTGF agents, GnRHanalogues, exogenous progestins, antiprogestins, selective estrogenreceptor modulators, danazol and NSAIDs.

In various embodiments of treatment methods, the implantable deliverydevice includes one or more drugs, such as analgesics or anaesthetics,such as lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, articaine, andropivacaine; anticholinergics; antimuscarinics such as oxybutynin orpropiverine; a vanilloid, such as capsaicin or resiniferatoxin;antimuscarinics such as ones that act on the M3 muscarinic acetylcholinereceptor (mAChRs); antispasmodics including GABA_(B) agonists such asbaclofen; botulinum toxins; capsaicins; alpha-adrenergic antagonists;anticonvulsants; serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as amitriptyline;and nerve growth factor antagonists. In various embodiments, the drugmay be one that acts on bladder afferents or one that acts on theefferent cholinergic transmission, as described in Reitz et al., SpinalCord 42:267-72 (2004).

The possible drug useful for treatment of neurogenic bladder may becategorized into one of two general types: those for treating spasticneurogenic bladder and those for treating flaccid neurogenic bladder. Inone embodiment, the drug is selected from those known for the treatmentof incontinence due to neurologic detrusor overactivity and/or lowcompliant detrusor. Examples of these types of drugs include bladderrelaxant drugs (e.g., oxybutynin (antimuscarinic agent with a pronouncedmuscle relaxant activity and local anesthetic activity), propiverine,impratroprium, tiotropium, trospium, terodiline, tolterodine,propantheline, oxyphencyclimine, flavoxate, and tricyclicantidepressants; drugs for blocking nerves innervating the bladder andurethra (e.g., vanilloids (capsaicin, resiniferatoxin), botulinum-Atoxin); or drugs that modulate detrusor contraction strength,micturition reflex, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (e.g., GABAb agonists(baclofen), benzodiazapines). In another embodiment, the drug isselected from those known for the treatment of incontinence due toneurologic sphincter deficiency. Examples of these drugs include alphaadrenergic agonists, estrogens, beta-adrenergic agonists, tricyclicantidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline). In still anotherembodiment, the drug is selected from those known for facilitatingbladder emptying (e.g., alpha adrenergic antagonists (phentolamine) orcholinergics). In yet another embodiment, the drug is selected fromamong anticholinergic drugs (e.g., dicyclomine), calcium channelblockers (e.g., verapamil) tropane alkaloids (e.g., atropine,scopolamine), nociceptin/orphanin FQ, and bethanechol (e.g., m3muscarinc agonist, choline ester).

The excipient of the drug formulation may be a matrix material, selectedto modulate or control the rate of release of the drug from thereservoir. In one embodiment, the matrix material may be a resorbable ornon-resorbable polymer. In another embodiment, the excipient comprises ahydrophobic or amphiphilic compound, such as a lipid (e.g., a fattyacids and derivatives, mono-, di- and triglycerides, phospholipids,sphingolipids, cholesterol and steroid derivatives, oils, vitamins andterpenes). The drug formulation may provide a temporally modulatedrelease profile or a more continuous or consistent release profile.Other drugs and excipients may be used for other therapies.

In some embodiments, the drug formulation is in solid form. For example,the drug formulation may be a number of solid drug units loaded into thedrug reservoir portion as described below. The drug formulation also maybe loaded into the drug reservoir in workable form and may cure therein.Thereafter, the solidified drug may be broken along the length of thedrug reservoir to form the interstices or breaks that permit devicedeformation. For example, in embodiments in which the drug formulationis configured to be melted and solidified, the drug formulation can bemelted, injected into the drug reservoir in melted form, solidified inthe drug reservoir, and broken into pieces in the drug reservoir toaccommodate device deformation or movement. The drug formulation alsomay be extruded with the drug reservoir, may cure within the drugreservoir, and subsequently may be broken along the length of thereservoir to accommodate device deformation.

In certain embodiments, the drug formulation is formed into solid drugunits that are loaded into the drug reservoir portion. Each of the drugunits is a solid, discrete object that substantially retains aselectively imparted shape (at the temperature and pressure conditionsto which the delivery device normally will be exposed during assembly,storage, and handling before implantation). The drug units may be in theform of tablets, pellets, or beads, although other configurations arepossible. For example, FIG. 6 illustrates a solid drug tablet 312 forimplantation, and FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a number of the solid drugunits 312 loaded into the drug reservoir lumen 308 of the drug deliverydevice 300.

The drug tablets made by a direct compression tableting process, amolding process, or other processes known in the pharmaceutical arts.The tablets optionally may be coated with one or more materials known inthe art for protecting the tablets against destructive exposure tooxygen or humidity during tablet handling, device assembly and storage;for facilitating device loading; for aesthetics; or for facilitating,retarding, or otherwise controlling in vivo dissolution and drug releasecharacteristics.

In a preferred embodiment, each drug unit includes a relatively highweight fraction of the drug and a relatively low weight fraction ofexcipients. For example, each drug unit may include more than 50% drugby weight. The large ratio of drug load to device size permits loading atherapeutically effective amount of drug into a relatively small devicefor release over an extended period once implanted. In fact, the drugunits may be substantially excipient-free.

In embodiments in which one or more pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients are included, the excipients may facilitate loading the soliddrug units in the device. For example, the excipients may increase thelubricity of the drug units so that the drug units can slide withreference to the interior lumen walls of the drug reservoir portion. Theexcipients also may facilitate forming the therapeutic agent or agentsinto a solid drug tablet that can be loaded into the drug reservoirportion. The excipients also may affect the kinetics of drug releasefrom the device, such as by increasing or retarding the solubility ordissolution rate of the drug units. In some embodiments, however, thedrug release rate is predominately controlled by characteristics of thedrug reservoir, such as the tube thickness and permeability to water orurine, while the excipient content of the drug units is primarilyselected to permit reliable production of drug units that are solid andinclude a relatively high weight fraction of drug.

The individual drug units may have essentially any selected shape anddimension that fits within the device. In one embodiment, the drug unitsare sized and shaped such that the drug reservoir portion issubstantially filled by a select number of drug units. Each drug unitmay have a cross-sectional shape that substantially corresponds to across-sectional shape of the drug reservoir portion. For example, thedrug units 312 are substantially cylindrical in shape as shown in FIG. 6for positioning in the substantially cylindrical drug reservoir lumen308 shown in FIG. 5. Once loaded, as shown in FIG. 3, the drug units 312substantially fill the drug reservoir lumen 308, forming the drugreservoir portion 302.

The drug units may have outer dimensions that are about the same as, areslightly less than, or slightly exceed inner dimensions of the drugreservoir portion. In embodiments in which the outer dimensions of thedrug units exceed the inner dimensions of the drug reservoir portion,the drug units may be loaded into the drug reservoir portion under aflow of pressurized gas that causes the drug reservoir portion to expandoutward so that the drug units travel through it. When the flow ofpressurized gas is removed, the drug reservoir portion may return tohold the drug units in selected axial positions. Using larger diameterdrug units may increase the payload and thus the amount of drug that canbe delivered from a drug delivery device of a given size. For example,the drug unit 312 shown in FIG. 6 has an outer diameter that slightlyexceeds an inner diameter of the drug reservoir lumen 308 shown in FIG.5. Such drug units 312 may be loaded into the lumen 308 under a flow ofpressurized gas that radially expands the drug reservoir wall 322 sothat the drug units 312 may travel through the drug reservoir lumen 308in an axial direction, and when the flow of pressurized gas is removed,the wall 322 may return to retain the drug units 312 in selected axialpositions along the length of the lumen 308, as shown in FIG. 3. Inembodiments in which the outer dimensions of the drug units are smallerthan the inner dimensions of the drug reservoir portion, the drug unitsmay have reduced contact with the drug reservoir portion. Therefore, thedrug units may be loaded using a flow of pressurized gas at relativelylower pressure, as the flow of pressurized gas may not need to overcomethe force of friction.

In embodiments, the drug units are shaped to align in a row when housedin the drug reservoir. Each drug unit has a cross-sectional shape thatcorresponds to the cross-sectional shape of the drug reservoir, and eachdrug unit may have end face shapes that correspond to the end faces ofadjacent drug units. Thus, once the drug tablets are loaded in the drugreservoir, the line or row of drug tablets may substantially fill thedrug reservoir with interstices or breaks formed between adjacent drugunits. The interstices or breaks accommodate deformation or movement ofthe device, such as during deployment, while permitting the individualdrug units to retain their solid form. Thus, the drug delivery devicemay be relatively flexible or deformable despite being loaded with asolid drug, as each drug unit may be permitted to move with reference toadjacent drug units.

An example is shown in FIG. 6, which illustrates the drug unit 312having circular flat end faces 326 and a cylindrical side wall 328.Thus, the drug unit 312 can be aligned in a row with other drug units312 for loading into the cylindrical drug reservoir lumen 308 as shownin FIGS. 3 and 4. When so loaded, the drug units 312 substantially fillthe drug reservoir lumen 308, with interstices or breaks 316 formedbetween them to accommodate deformation or movement. The flat end faces326 permit piecewise flexibility of the device while limiting the volumeor space within the drug reservoir portion that is devoted to theinterstices or breaks 316. Thus, the device can be substantially filledwith solid drug while retaining its flexibility. Loading the device witha number of drug tablets 312, such as drug tablets that are relativelyuniform in size and shape, beneficially permits manufacturing a devicethat behaves as expected in response to expected forces during and afterimplantation and exhibits expected drug release characteristics onceimplanted. That is, the tablet uniformity advantageously enablesreproducibility in producing the medical product and thereby generallyprovides reliable, repeatable drug release characteristics.

In some embodiments, the drug units are relatively tall and slender,unlike conventional drug tablets that tend to be short and squat. Thedrug units may be tall enough to retain their orientation once loaded inthe drug reservoir, with reduce tipping or rolling. On the other hand,the drug units may be short enough to provide enough interstices orbreaks so that the device can flex or move along its length. Inparticular, each drug unit may have a length that exceeds its width,meaning an aspect ratio of height:width that is greater than 1:1.Suitable aspect ratios for the drug units may be in the range of about3:2 to about 5:2, although other aspect ratios are possible, includingaspect ratios that are less than 1:1, like conventional drug tablets. Anexample is shown in FIG. 6, which illustrates the drug unit 312 with alength that exceeds its diameter.

In embodiments in which the solid drug tablets are designed forinsertion or implantation in a lumen or cavity in the body, such as thebladder, via a drug delivery device, such as a device of the typedescribed above with reference to FIG. 3, the drug tablets may be“mini-tablets” that are suitably sized and shaped for insertion througha natural lumen of the body, such as the urethra. For the purpose ofthis disclosure, the term “mini-tablet” generally indicates a solid drugtablet that is substantially cylindrical in shape, having end faces thatare relatively planar or flat and a side face that is substantiallycylindrical.

An example mini-tablet is shown in FIG. 6. The mini-tablet 312 has adiameter, extending along the end face 326, in the range of about 1.0 toabout 3.2 mm, such as between about 1.5 and about 3.1 mm. Themini-tablet 312 has a length, extending along the side face 328, in therange of about 1.7 mm to about 4.8 mm, such as between about 2.0 mm andabout 4.5 mm. The friability of the tablet may be less than about 2%.Embodiments of solid drug tablets and systems and methods of making thesame are further described below with reference to FIG. 11.

The Retention Frame Portion

The drug delivery device may include a retention frame portion. Theretention frame portion is associated with the drug reservoir portionand permits retaining the drug reservoir portion in the body, such as inthe bladder. The retention frame portion may include a retention framethat is deformable between a relatively expanded shape and a relativelylower-profile shape. For example, the retention frame may naturallyassume the relatively expanded shape, may be manipulated into therelatively lower-profile shape for insertion into the body, and mayspontaneously return to the relatively expanded shape upon insertioninto the body. The retention frame in the relatively expanded shape maybe shaped for retention in a body cavity, and the retention frame in therelatively lower-profile shape may be shaped for insertion into the bodythrough the working channel of a deployment instrument such as acatheter or cystoscope. To achieve such a result, the retention framemay have an elastic limit, modulus, and/or spring constant selected toimpede the device from assuming the relatively lower-profile shape onceimplanted. Such a configuration may limit or prevent accidentalexpulsion of the device from the body under expected forces. Forexample, the device may be retained in the bladder during urination orcontraction of the detrusor muscle.

In a preferred embodiment, the retention frame includes or consists ofan elastic wire. In one embodiment, the elastic wire may comprise abiocompatible superelastic alloy or other shape-memory material, such asa nickel-titanium alloy (e.g., Nitinol), a titanium-molybdenum alloy(e.g., Flexium), or a biodegradable shape memory polymers described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,160,084 to Langer et al. The elastic wire also mayinclude a relatively low modulus elastomer, which may be relatively lesslikely to irritate or cause ulcer within the bladder or otherimplantation site and may be biodegradable so that the device need notbe removed. Examples of low modulus elastomers include polyurethane,silicone, styrenic thermoplastic elastomer, and poly(glycerol-sebacate)(PGS). The elastic wire may be coated with a biocompatible polymer, suchas a coating formed from one or more of silicone, polyurethane, styrenicthermoplastic elastomer, Silitek, Tecoflex, C-flex, and Percuflex.

For example, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-2, the retention frame104 includes an elastic wire 106 formed from a superelastic alloy, suchas nitinol, and covered in a polymer coating 108, such as a siliconesheath. Similarly, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3-4, the retentionframe 314 is an elastic wire formed from a superelastic alloy, such asnitinol, and surrounded by the wall 324 of the retention frame lumen310, which forms a protective sheath about the retention frame 314.Thus, the wall 324 may be formed from a polymer material, such as asilicone.

In some embodiments, the retention frame lumen 310 may include theretention frame 314 and a filling material, such as a polymer filling.An example filling material is a silicone adhesive, such as MED3-4213 byNusil Technology LLC, although other filling materials may be used. Thefilling material may fill the void in the retention frame lumen 310about the retention frame 314. For example, the filling material may bepoured into the retention frame lumen 310 about the retention frame 314and may cure therein. The filling material may reduce the tendency ofthe drug reservoir lumen 308 to stretch along, or twist or rotate about,the retention frame 314, while maintaining the drug reservoir lumen 308in a selected orientation with reference to the retention frame 314. Thefilling material is not necessary, however, and may be omitted.

When the retention frame is in the relatively expanded shape, such asthe coiled shapes shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the device may occupy a spacehaving dimensions suited to impede expulsion from the bladder. When theretention frame is in the relatively lower-profile shape, such as theelongated shapes shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the device may occupy an areasuited for insertion into the body, such as through the working channelof a deployment instrument. The properties of the elastic wire cause thedevice to function as a spring, deforming in response to a compressiveload but spontaneously returning to its initial shape once the load isremoved. The polymer coating may make the outer surface of the retentionframe relatively smooth and soft, reducing irritation of the bladder orother implantation site.

A retention frame that assumes a pretzel shape may be relativelyresistant to compressive forces. The pretzel shape essentially comprisestwo sub-circles, each having its own smaller arch and sharing a commonlarger arch. When the pretzel shape is first compressed, the larger archabsorbs the majority of the compressive force and begins deforming, butwith continued compression the smaller arches overlap, and subsequently,all three of the arches resist the compressive force. The resistance tocompression of the device as a whole increases once the two sub-circlesoverlap, impeding collapse and voiding of the device as the bladdercontracts during urination.

In embodiments in which the retention frame comprises a shape-memorymaterial, the material used to form the frame may “memorize” andspontaneously assume the relatively expanded shape upon the applicationof heat to the device, such as when exposed to body temperatures uponentering the bladder.

The retention frame may be in a form having a high enough springconstant to retain the device within a body cavity, such as the bladder.A high modulus material may be used, or a low modulus material such aspolyurethane or silicone. Especially when a low-modulus material isused, the retention frame may have a diameter and/or shape that providesa spring constant without which the frame would significantly deformunder the forces of urination. For example, the retention frame mayinclude one or more windings, coils, spirals, or combinations thereof,specifically designed to achieve a desirable spring constant, such as aspring constant in the range of about 3 N/m to about 60 N/m, or moreparticularly, in the range of about 3.6 N/m to about 3.8 N/m. Such aspring constant may be achieved by one or more of the followingtechniques: increasing the diameter of the elastic wire used to form theframe, increasing the curvature of one or more windings of the elasticwire, and adding additional windings to the elastic wire. The windings,coils, or spirals of the frame may have a number of configurations. Forexample, the frame may be in a curl configuration comprising one or moreloops, curls or sub-circles. As shown in Examples A through G of FIG. 9,the curls may be connected linearly or radially, may turn in the same oralternating directions, and may or may not overlap. The ends of theelastic wire may be adapted to avoid tissue irritation and scarring,such as by being soft, blunt, inwardly directed, joined together, or acombination thereof. The frame may also include one or more circles orovals arranged in a two-dimensional or a three-dimensionalconfiguration. As shown in Examples H through M of FIG. 9, the frame mayinclude a number of concentric ovals or circles, either closed oropened, the same or different sizes, overlapping or not overlapping, andjoined together at one or more connecting points. The frame may be anopen-ended spiral, as shown in Example N, or a spiral having closedends.

Other Device Features

The drug reservoir portion can include a coating or a sheath, which maybe substantially impermeable to water or relatively less permeable towater than the drug reservoir portion to reducing or alter the osmoticor diffusive surface area of the device body. Thus, the release rate canbe independently controlled or targeted with reduced adjustment ofdesired device characteristics, such as size, shape, material,permeability, volume, drug payload, flexibility, and spring constant,among others. To achieve the release rate, the coating or sheath maycover all or any portion of the device body, and the coating or sheathmay be relatively uniform or may vary in thickness, size, shape,position, location, orientation, and materials, among others andcombinations thereof. Further, multiple coatings or sheaths may beprovided along different portions of the device body, about the samedrug reservoir or different drug reservoirs housing the same ordifferent drug formulations. In cases in which the drug reservoirportion is formed from silicone tubing, an example coating may be formedfrom parylene, while an example sheath may be formed from a polymer suchas polyurethane or curable silicone, or another biocompatible coating orsheath material known in the art. In some embodiments, the coating orsheath may be positioned on the tube between the end and the orifice sothat water permeating through the tube adjacent to the end can drivethrough the portion of the tube covered by the sheath and out of theorifice, reducing or avoiding isolation or stagnation of the drug underthe sheath. Example sheaths are 814 illustrated in FIG. 8A. Coatings andsheaths, and equations for selecting such designs, are described in U.S.Patent Publication No. 2009/0149833.

In one embodiment, the device includes at least one radio-opaque portionor structure to facilitate detection or viewing (e.g., by X-ray imagingor fluoroscopy) of the device by a medical practitioner as part of theimplantation or retrieval procedure. In one embodiment, the tube isconstructed of a material that includes a radio-opaque filler material,such as barium sulfate or another radio-opaque material known in theart. Silicone tubing may be made radio-opaque by blending radio-opaquefillers, such as barium sulfate or another suitable material, during theprocessing of the tubing. The radio-opaque material also may beassociated with the retention frame. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1-2,a platinum wire 110 may be wound about ends of the elastic wire 106 andcovered in smoothening material 112. Ultrasound imaging may be used.Fluoroscopy may be the preferred method during deployment/retrieval ofthe non-resorbable device by providing accurate real-time imaging of theposition and orientation of the device to the practitioner performingthe procedure.

In one embodiment, the body of the implantable drug delivery devicefurther includes at least one retrieval feature, such as a structurethat facilitates removal of the device from the body cavity, for examplefor removal of a non-resorbable device body following release of thedrug formulation.

One example retrieval feature is a string, formed of a biocompatiblematerial. The string may be attached to a mid-portion or an end-portionof the drug delivery device. In some embodiments, the string is sized toextend along the urethra from the bladder to the exterior of the body,in which case a proximal end of the string may be positioned outside ofthe body once the device is positioned in the bladder. The string alsomay be shorter in size, so that once the device is positioned in thebladder, the proximal end of the string is positioned in the urethra ina location that is reachable by a physician. In either case, the devicemay be removed from the bladder by engaging the string to pull thedevice through the urethra. In such embodiments, the diameter of thestring may be sized to fit comfortably in the urethra during the periodof implantation. In other embodiments, the string is sized to be whollyimplanted in the bladder with the device, in which case the stringfacilitates locating and grasping the device within the bladder using aremoval instrument positioned in the urethra, such as a cystoscope orcatheter.

In embodiments in which the string is attached to a mid-portion of thedrug delivery device, the device may fold upon itself as it enters theremoval instrument or the urethra. Folding at the mid-portion may befacilitated once the drug delivery device has released at least aportion of the drug or is empty. In embodiments in which the string isattached to an end-portion of the drug delivery device, the device maymove into the deployment shape as it enters the removal instrument orthe urethra. Thus, the deployment shape also may be considered aretrieval shape in such embodiments.

Embodiments of retrieval features are described in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2007/0202151 A1. In these and in other embodiments, thedevice may be retrieved using conventional endoscopic graspinginstruments, such as alligator forceps, three or four-pronged opticalgraspers. For example, if the device has an O-shaped or coiled portion,the removal of the device can be facilitated by those graspinginstruments.

Combination of the Components

The drug reservoir portion and the retention frame portion areassociated with each other to form the drug delivery device. A varietyof different associations are envisioned. For example, the drugreservoir portion may be attached to an intermediate region of theretention frame. The drug reservoir portion may have first and secondend portions that are attached to an intermediate region of theretention frame. The end portions of the drug reservoir may terminate atthe vesical retention frame, the end portions may overlap the vesicalretention frame, or a combination thereof. FIGS. 1-2 illustrate anexample of one such device 100. The drug reservoir portion may beoriented with reference to the retention frame portion such that thedrug reservoir portion lies within the perimeter of the retention frameportion, beyond the perimeter of the retention frame portion, or acombination thereof. Additionally, a number of drug reservoir portionsmay be associated with a single retention frame portion, as shown inExamples A through E of FIG. 10.

In other embodiments, the drug reservoir portion and the retention frameportion are at least partially aligned. In other words, the drugreservoir portion may extend along a portion or the entire length of theretention frame portion, substantially parallel or coincident with theretention frame portion. Examples of such embodiments are shown in FIG.10, which illustrates several alternative embodiments in cross-section.As shown in Examples F, G, H, and I, the retention frame wire may extendalong either an exterior surface of the drug reservoir wall, along aninterior surface of the drug reservoir wall, through the drug reservoirwall, or within a reinforced area inside or outside of the wall. Asshown in Examples J, K, and L, the elastic wire may also be positionedwithin the interior of the tube supported by a web, which may partitionthe tube into multiple compartments. The web may be perforated orotherwise non-continuous so that the compartments are in communicationwith each other, or the web may be relatively continuous such that thecompartments are segregated from each other to form different reservoirsthat may be suited for holding different drug formulations. The web maybe formed from the same material as the tube, or from a material havinga different permeability to water or urine, depending on the embodiment.As shown in Examples M, N, and O, the elastic wire may be associatedwith multiple tubes, extending along or between the tubes. The elasticwire may be embedded in a reinforcement area that joins togethermultiple discrete tubes. The tubes may hold the same or different drugformulations and also may be formed from the same or different materialsof construction, such as materials that differ in permeability to urineor other aqueous or bodily fluids.

In other embodiments, the drug reservoir portion and the retention frameportion may be the same component in some embodiments. In such cases,the device may comprise a silicone tubing formed in a configurationhaving a sufficient spring constant to retain the device in the body, asdescribed above. Also, the drug reservoir portion may be wrapped aroundthe retention frame portion, one or any number of times.

The embodiments described herein may be combined and varied to produceother drug delivery devices that fall within the scope of the presentdisclosure. For example, the drug reservoir portion may be attached toany portion of the retention frame portion in any manner. Multiple drugreservoir portions may be provided, a single drug reservoir portion maybe partitioned, or a combination thereof, which may facilitatedelivering multiple different drugs into the body, delivering differentforms of drugs into the body, delivering drugs at varying rates into thebody, or a combination thereof.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, for example, the drug delivery device300 is suited for delivering a drug into the bladder. The drug reservoirlumen 308 may have an inner diameter of about 1.3 to about 3.3 mm, suchas about 1.5 to about 3.1 mm, an outer diameter of about 1.7 to about3.7 mm, such as about 1.9 to about 3.4 mm, and a length of about 12 to21 cm, such as about 14 to 16 cm. The drug reservoir lumen 308 may holdabout 10 to 100 cylindrical drug tablets, such mini-tablets. Themini-tablets may each having a diameter of about 1.0 to about 3.3 mm,such as about 1.5 to about 3.1 mm, and a length of about 1.5 to about4.7 mm, such as about 2.0 to about 4.5 mm. Such mini-tablets may have alidocaine payload of about 3.0 to about 40.0 mg. One particular examplemini-tablet may have a diameter of about 1.52 mm, a length of about 2.0to 2.2 mm, and a mass of about 4.0 to 4.5 mg lidocaine. Anotherparticular example mini-tablet may have a diameter of about 2.16 mm, alength of about 2.9 to 3.2 mm, and a mass of about 11.7 to 13.1 mglidocaine. Yet another particular example mini-tablet may have adiameter of about 2.64 mm, a length of about 3.5 to 3.9 mm, and a massof about 21.3 to 23.7 mg lidocaine. Still another particular examplemini-tablet may have a diameter of about 3.05 mm, a length of about 4.1to 4.5 mm, and a mass of about 32.7 to 36.9 mg lidocaine. However, otherdiameters, lengths, and masses can be used.

Within these ranges, the device may be designed to deliver between about150 mg and 1000 mg of lidocaine to the bladder, such as about 200 mg,about 400 mg, about 600 mg, or about 800 mg of lidocaine. For example, asmaller payload may be delivered from a smaller device or from a deviceloaded with fewer tablets, the remainder of the space in the devicebeing loaded with a spacer or filling material. The end plugs 320 may besilicone plugs having an outer diameter sized accordingly.

The foregoing specific configurations are merely possibilities of thetype of devices that may be created by a person skilled in the art uponreading the present disclosure.

II. Solid Drug Tablets

In a preferred embodiment, the solid drug tablets have a relatively highdrug or API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) content by weight, whichmay be particularly well suited for use with an implantable drugdelivery device. After the drug delivery device is implanted, the drugtablets are solubilized in the device, and the drug is released from thedevice into the body cavity or lumen, such as the bladder. For example,the drug delivery device may operate as an osmotic pump thatcontinuously releases drug into the vesical over an extended period asthe drug tablets are solubilized in the device. As another example, thedrug delivery device may operate by diffusion, which causes continuousrelease of the drug into the vesical over an extended period as the drugtablets are solubilized in the device.

In order to maximize the amount of drug that can be stored in andreleased from a given drug delivery device of a selected (small) size,the drug tablet preferably comprises a high weight fraction of drug orAPI, with a reduced or low weight fraction of excipients as are requiredfor tablet manufacturing and device assembly and use considerations. Forthe purposes of this disclosure, terms such as “weight fraction,”“weight percentage,” and “percentage by weight” with reference to drug,or API, refers to the drug or API in the form employed, such as in saltform, free acid form, free base form, or hydrate form. For example, adrug tablet that has 90% by weight of a drug in salt form may includeless than 90% by weight of that drug in free base form.

In one embodiment, the drug tablet is more than 50% by weight drug. In apreferred embodiment, 75% or more of the weight of the drug tablet isdrug, with the remainder of the weight comprising excipients, such aslubricants and binders that facilitate making the drug tablet. For thepurposes of this disclosure, the term “high weight fraction” withreference to the drug or API means that excipients constitute less than25 wt %, preferably less than 20 wt %, more preferably less than 15 wt%, and even more preferably less than 10 wt % of the drug tablet.

In one embodiment, the drug and excipients are selected and the tabletformulated to be water soluble, so that the drug tablets can besolubilized within the vesical to release the drug. In a preferredembodiment, the drug tablets are formulated to be sterilizable, eitherwithin or outside of the drug delivery device, without substantial ordetrimental changes in the chemical or physical composition of the drugtablets. Such drug tablets may be quite different from conventional drugtablets, which typically include active ingredients that constitute lessthan 50% of the drug tablet content by weight, with the remainder of thedrug tablet comprising excipients that are often insoluble and/or maynot be suited for conventional sterilization. Furthermore, the presentdrug tablets may be sized and shaped for use with an implantable drugdelivery device. For example, the drug tablets may be “mini-tablets”that are much smaller in size than conventional tablets, which maypermit inserting the drug tablets through a lumen such as the urethrainto a cavity such as the bladder. An embodiment of a solid drug tablet312 for intravesical insertion or other in vivo implantation is shown inFIG. 6.

The drug tablet includes a drug content and may include an excipientcontent. The drug content includes one or more drugs, while theexcipient content includes one or more excipients. By weight, the drugcontent constitutes a relatively higher percentage of the drug tabletthan the excipient content. In some cases, the drug content comprisesabout 75% or more of the weight of the drug tablet. More particularly,the drug content may comprise about 80% or more of the weight of thedrug tablet. For example, the drug content may comprise between about85% and about 99.9% of the weight of the drug tablet. In someembodiments, the excipient content can be omitted completely. The term“excipient” is known in the art, and representative examples ofexcipients useful in the present drug tablets may include ingredientssuch as binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, colors, fillers ordiluents, coatings and preservatives, as well as other ingredients tofacilitate manufacturing, storing, or administering the drug tablet.

In one embodiment, the drug content includes at least one localanesthetic agent. The local anesthetic agent can be selected from theamide class of anesthetics, the ester class of anesthetics, or somecombination thereof. Examples of amide-class anesthetics includearticaine, bupivacaine, carticaine, cinchocaine, etidocaine,levobupivacaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, ropivacaine, andtrimecaine. Examples of the ester-class anesthetics include amylocaine,benzocaine, butacaine, chloroprocaine, cocaine, cyclomethycaine,dimethocaine, hexylcaine, larocaine, meprylcaine, metabutoxycaine,orthocaine, piperocaine, procaine, propoxycaine, proxymetacaine,risocaine, and tetracaine. Other anesthetics, such as lontocaine, alsomay be used. The drug content may include other drugs described herein,alone or in combination with a local anesthetic agent. The localanesthetic agent could be an antimuscarinic compound that exhibits ananesthetic effect, such as oxybutynin or propiverine.

In a preferred embodiment, the drug tablets include lidocaine. A drugdelivery device having drug tablets that primarily comprise lidocainemay be wholly deployed in the bladder of a patient in need of treatmentfor interstitial cystitis, neurogenic bladder, or pain, among others.Other diseases or conditions may also be treated using this device. Inother embodiments, other drugs, alone or in combination with lidocaine,may be used to treat interstitial cystitis or other diseases andconditions involving the bladder.

In making the drug tablets, the drug and optional excipients mayinitially be in the form of compactable powders or blended powders. Thedrug and optional excipients preferably are selected to be capable ofwithstanding a sterilization procedure without undesirable changes inchemical composition or physical characteristics. These powderedingredients can be compressed into solid drug tablets, which increasesthe mass of drug that can be delivered from a tablet of a givenvolume/size. In one embodiment, the anesthetic agent or other drug is inthe form of a water soluble salt. For example, the lidocaine may be inthe form of a hydrochloride monohydrate. In another embodiment, thelidocaine may be in the form of a lidocaine base.

In a preferred embodiment, the drug tablet has an excipient content thatincludes at least one binder, lubricant, or a combination thereof. Abinder holds particles of the composition together, while a lubricantprevents particles of the composition from adhering to components of themanufacturing apparatus, such as dies and punches of a tablet press. Thebinders and/or lubricants can be combined with the drugs to form thesolid drug tablet in a variety of manners. In some cases, the excipientsand drugs are blended and compressed using direct compression. In suchcases, the excipient content can include a binder, a lubricant, or both.Each excipient may be in dry powder form, and these powders are blendedto form a composition that is compressed.

In other cases, the drug powder may be granulated before the drug tabletis made from it. In such cases, the excipient content may include both abinder and a lubricant. The binder may be used to increase the drugparticle size before formation of the drug tablet, while the lubricantis used to reduce friction between the tablet and components of themanufacturing apparatus during the tableting process. For example, thedrug may be combined with the binder to form granules, the granules canbe blended with the lubricant, and the resulting composition may becompressed using a tableting machine. Due to the increased particle sizethat results from granulating the drug with the binder, the drug tabletcan be manufactured using a smaller quantity of lubricant, which maydecrease the overall quantity of excipient required to form a solid drugtablet using a stable manufacturing process. In such cases, theexcipients may be in dry powder or liquid form, depending on how theexcipient is to be incorporated into the mixture. For example, thebinder content may be a dry powder that is mixed with the drug, or asolution that is sprayed on drug. Embodiments of methods of making asolid drug tablet are described in further detail below with regard toFIG. 11.

The excipient content is selected so that a suitable manufacturingprocess can be used to form tablets that are suitable for the intendeduse. Particularly, the composition of the excipient content, thecharacteristics of the excipient content, such as the quantity,solubility, and moisture level of the excipient content, and the mode ofincorporating the excipient content into the drug content arespecifically selected. The selected excipient content permitscompressing the drugs into a solid drug tablet with suitable compressionand injection forces and without unsuitable buildup on components of themanufacturing equipment, such as the table and dies. The selectedexcipient content also constitutes a minor fraction of the drug tabletby weight. In one embodiment, the drug tablets formed with the selectedexcipient content can be sterilized (before or after being loaded into adrug delivery device), have a commercially reasonable shelf life, areappropriate in composition for the intended route of administration, arestable in the intended environment in vivo, and provide the requireddrug release kinetics in vivo.

In various embodiments, the excipient content may be selected based onmanufacturing considerations and/or to produce a drug tablet having asuitable solubility or dissolution characteristics, which in conjunctionwith the structural and material characteristics of the drug reservoircomponent (e.g., the material and structure of the elastic tube)determine the drug release profile provided by the implantable device.

In particular embodiments, the excipients include a water soluble binderand a water soluble lubricant. Water soluble excipients facilitatesolubilization of the drug tablet in vivo, e.g., following intravesicaldeployment. In a preferred embodiment, the water soluble excipient isone that will not clog a release orifice of a drug delivery device ofthe type described hereinabove. Examples of suitable, water solublebinders include polyvinylpyrrolidone (i.e., povidone or PVP), apoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), a poloxamer,hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), other binders, or combinations thereof.Examples of suitable, water soluble lubricants include leucine, sodiumlauryl sulfate, sucrose stearate, boric acid, sodium acetate, sodiumoleate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and PEG. Other binders and lubricantsalso can be used, either alone or in combination with the water solublebinders and lubricants provided above, especially if such other bindersand lubricants satisfy the additional criteria outlined above.

In a particular embodiment, the binder is povidone. Povidone is highlyadhesive in relatively low volumes, which facilitates creating a soliddrug tablet having a relatively high concentration of drugs. Povidone isparticularly suited for agglomerating drugs using, for example, a wetgranulation process, which may reduce the amount of lubricant needed toform the drugs into a solid drug tablet. Solid tablets made usingpovidone are often hard and non-friable. Povidone also is generallysoluble, which may be particularly advantageous for drug tablets thatare designed to be implanted intravesically in a drug delivery device,such as an osmotic drug delivery device implanted into an aqueousenvironment, such as found in the bladder. Povidone may facilitate areliable dissolution rate of a solid drug tablet, and may enhance thesolubilization of a dissolution-limited drug from the drug tablet.Povidone also tolerates changes in pH and is stable in acidicconditions, which may make povidone particularly suitable for inclusionin drug tablets designed for implantation in the bladder. Povidone alsois resistant to interaction with ionic drug actives and their salts.Povidone is available in a range of different “K-values,” whichgenerally correlate to molecular weights. Povidone with a K-value in therange of 29-32 may be suited for use in the present embodiments,although povidone having other K-values can be used. Examples ofcommercially available povidone products include Plasdone®,(International Specialty Products, Wayne, N.J.) and Kollidon™ (BASFCorporation, Florham Park, N.J.).

In one particular embodiment, the binder is HPC. An example ofcommercially available HPC is Klucel® (Aqualon, Wilmington, Del.).

In other embodiments, other binders may be used alone or in combinationwith povidone or HPC. Some binders can be used to create drug tabletsthat are only suited for use with certain patients or therapeuticindications. For example, sodium laurel sulfate may be suitable forcreating solid drug tablets, but such drug tablets may negativelyinteract with wounds or lesions, if present, in the bladder wall.

In one particular embodiment, the lubricant comprises or consists of PEGhaving a molecular weight between about 4,000 to 20,000, preferablybetween about 6,000 to about 8,000. Representative examples include PEG20M, PEG 3350, PEG 6000, PEG 8000, and MPEG-5000. In a preferredembodiment, the lubricant is PEG 8000, which is generally a waxy,free-flowing powder, which facilitates the drug tableting processes. PEG8000 has a melting temperature suitable for use in drug tablets that areimplanted in a body cavity or lumen for continuous release over anextended period. In other embodiments, other lubricants may be usedalone or in combination with a PEG, such as PEG 8000.

In some cases, the drug content includes lidocaine hydrochloridemonohydrate or another suitable local anesthetic agent, while theexcipient content includes a binder content and a lubricant content. Thedrug content can be primarily or completely lidocaine hydrochloridemonohydrate alone. The binder content can comprise a binder such aspovidone, and in some cases the binder content can be primarily orcompletely povidone alone. The lubricant content can comprise alubricant such as a high-molecular weight form of PEG, and in some casesthe lubricant content can be primarily or completely PEG alone, such asPEG 8000.

In such embodiments, the drug content can constitute at least 75%, andmore particularly between about 85% to 95% of the drug tablet by weight,such as between about 88% and about 96% of the drug tablet by weight,and in some cases between about 89% and about 92% of the drug tablet byweight. The binder content can constitute between about 1% to 10% of thedrug tablet by weight, such as between about 2% and about 3% of the drugtablet by weight, and in some cases between about 2.3% and about 2.7% ofthe drug tablet by weight. The lubricant content can constitute betweenabout 1% to 11% of the drug tablet by weight, such as between about 4%and about 9% of the drug tablet by weight, and in some cases betweenabout 5.5% and about 8.5% of the drug tablet by weight. In theseembodiments, the drug content can be granulated with the binder, such asvia fluid bed granulation, before the resulting granules are dry blendedwith the lubricant and the resulting composition is compressed intosolid tablets. Other configurations are also possible.

In one embodiment, the binder content is omitted completely, in whichcase the drug content may be dry blended with the lubricant and theresulting composition may be tableted via direction compression. In suchembodiments, the drug content can constitute about 90% to about 97% ofthe drug content by weight, such as between about 91% and about 96% ofthe drug content by weight, and in some cases between about 92% andabout 95% of the drug content by weight. The lubricant content cancomprise a lubricant such as a high molecular weight PEG, and in somecases the lubricant content is primarily or completely formed from PEGalone, such as PEG 8000. Alternatively, the lubricant content cancomprise a lubricant such as a leucine, and in some cases the lubricantcontent is primarily or completely formed from leucine alone.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method 1100for making a solid drug tablet. In block 1102, a drug content and anexcipient content are combined into a composition of ingredients to betableted. In block 1104, the composition of ingredients is tableted. Inembodiments in which the solid drug tablets are designed for use in adrug delivery device of the type described above with reference to FIG.3, the drug tablets are “mini-tablets” that are suitably sized andshaped for insertion through a natural lumen of the body, such as theurethra, as described above with reference to FIG. 6.

In some embodiments of block 1102, the active ingredient content and theexcipient content are directly combined to create the composition ofingredients. The contents can be dry blended using, for example, aV-blender. In other embodiments of block 1102, the composition ofingredients is formed in at least two discrete stages. In a first stage,at least a portion of the active ingredient content is agglomerated intoparticles of increased size, which are commonly referred to as“granules.” The active ingredient content can be agglomerated using anygranulation process, such as wet granulation, dry granulation, fluid bedgranulation, or a combination thereof, either alone or in the presenceof an excipient such as a binder. Granulating the active ingredientcontent into larger particles reduces its surface area as a whole, whichadvantageously permits lowering the overall excipient content needed fortableting the composition in block 1104. In a second stage, the granulesare combined with any remaining ingredients to form the composition tobe tableted. For example, the granules can be blended with lubricants orother excipients using a dry blending process, such as in a V-blender.The resulting composition is then tableted in block 1104.

In embodiments in which the excipient content includes a binder and alubricant, the binder can be used in the first stage to granulate theactive ingredient content into particles of increased size, and thelubricant can be added in the second stage after the granules have beenformed. Due to the granulation of the active ingredient content, arelatively smaller quantity of lubricant may be needed, which lowers theoverall weight of the excipient content in the final tablet.

In preferred embodiments, at least the drug content and the lubricantcontent are in the form of dry powders, while the binder content may bea powder or a solution. For example, the drug content can be a powderthat is granulated with an aqueous binder using a fluid bed granulationprocess, and the resulting granules can be dry blended with thelubricant to form the composition to be tableted. Particularly, fluidbed granulation entails pre-blending the active ingredient content in abed using fluidized air, granulating the active ingredient content byspraying an aqueous binder onto the fluidized powder bed, and thendrying the granulated powder to the desired moisture content. However,other granulation processes may be used.

In embodiments in which the active ingredient content compriseslidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate, the active ingredient content maybe granulated in a number of different manners. Various studies wereperformed to investigate methods of increasing the particle size oflidocaine, such as slugging, roller compaction, and fluid bedgranulation. The results of these studies are described with referenceto Examples 2-4 below. These studies generally show that fluid bedgranulation may be particularly suited for granulating an activeingredient such as lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate powder using anexcipient such as an aqueous solution of povidone.

In such embodiments, an aqueous solution of povidone is formed, such asone having a concentration of about 5% w/w to about 15% w/w povidone.Once the lidocaine is in the fluidized bed, the lidocaine may be heatedto a target temperature. The target temperature may be in the range ofabout 30 to about 50° C., such as about 33 to about 37° C. Once thelidocaine has reached the target temperature, the solution can beapplied at a spray rate of about 8 to about 15 g/min, such as about 9.0to about 11.5 g/min. The solution is sprayed until the desired amount ofpovidone has been added. Granules are formed after drying the resultingcombination for a suitable time, such as about 2 minutes.

The resulting composition is then tableted in block 1104. Tableting thecomposition of ingredients generally comprises compressing thecomposition of ingredients into a solid tablet. The tableting process isgenerally known as “direct compression” in cases in which thecomposition of ingredients has been directly blended in block 1102.Compression also is used to form tablets from compositions formed instages that include a granulation stage.

In some embodiments of block 1104, tableting the composition ofingredients comprises processing the composition on a tablet machine,such as rotary tablet machine. The tablet machine has a series of diesand punches. The dies receive the composition of ingredients, and thepunches are operated with various forces to form the composition ofingredients into solid drug tablets. The size, shape, and hardness ofthe solid drug tablets are determined by the size and shape of the diesand punches, and the injection and compression forces used to operatethe punches.

The solid tablet can be formed in a variety of configurations, but inparticular embodiments the tablet is a mini-tablet as described above.To form a mini-tablet, the press table of the rotary tablet machine maybe operated with tooling in the range of about 1.0 to about 3.5 mm, suchas about 1.3 to about 2.9 mm. In one particular embodiment, 1.5 mmtooling is used, and in another particular embodiment, 2.6 mm tooling isused. The punches may have substantially flat faces for forming flatmini-tablets. Tableting studies were performed using lidocaine. Theresults of these studies are below in Examples 5-7.

Once the solid drug tablets are formed, the drug tablets may be loadedinto the drug delivery device. An example method for loading the tabletsis described below with reference to FIG. 13. After the device isloaded, the device preferably is sterilized. The selected sterilizationprocess does not undesirably alter the physical or chemical compositionof the solid drug tablets or other components of the device. Examples ofsuitable sterilization processes include gamma irradiation or ethyleneoxide sterilization, although other sterilization processes may be used.For example, gamma irradiation at a strength of about 8 KGy to about 40KGy, such as about 25 KGy, can be employed.

The drug tablets described above include a relatively higher percentageof active ingredients than excipients. The drug tablets can be formedusing a stable and scalable manufacturing process and are suitable forthe intended use. Particularly, the drug tablets are sized and shapedfor loading into and efficiently storing the tablets in a linear arrayin an drug delivery device that can be deployed into the bladder oranother cavity, lumen, or tissue site in a patient in a minimallyinvasive manner.

In addition, the drug tablets can be sterilized before or afterloading/assembly into a drug delivery device, and the drug tabletspossess a commercially reasonable shelf life. Once implanted, thecomposition of the drug tablets is appropriate for the intended route ofadministration, is stable in acidic conditions, and providespre-selected, reproducible drug release kinetics. For example, the drugtablets may be solubilized in the bladder to continuously release drugat a suitably stable rate drug over an extended period.

Although mini-tablets and other solid drug tablets are described aboveas having a high weight fraction of drug or API and a low weightfraction of excipients, the solid drug tablets may have any weightfraction of drug, especially in cases in which the tablet includes adrug that is extremely potent, a stabilizing agent, or an agent thatincreases the solubility of the drug, among others or combinationsthereof.

III. Method of Making the Device

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment a method 1200 ofmaking an implantable drug delivery device. In block 1202, a drugdelivery device is formed. In block 1204, a number of drug tablets areformed. In block 1206, the drug tablets are loaded into the drugdelivery device.

In embodiments, forming the drug delivery device in block 1202 mayinclude one or more of the following sub-steps: forming a device body,forming a retention frame, associating the device body with theretention frame, and forming one or more apertures in the device body.

Forming the device body may include forming a flexible body having wallsthat define a drug reservoir lumen and a retention frame lumen. Forexample, the device body may be formed by extruding or molding a polymersuch as silicone. In particular, forming the device body may includeintegrally forming two tubes or walls that are substantially aligned andadjoined along a longitudinal edge. Alternatively, the two lumens may beseparately formed and attached to each other, such as with an adhesive.Other methods of forming the device body also may be employed.

Forming a retention frame may include forming an elastic wire from, forexample, a superelastic alloy or shape-memory material and “programming”the elastic wire to naturally assume a relatively expanded shape. Heattreatment may be used to program the elastic wire to assume the expandedshape. For example, the retention frame may be formed by forming theelastic wire into a pretzel shape and heat treating the elastic wire ata temperature over 500° C. for a period over five minutes.

Associating the device body with the retention frame may compriseinserting the retention frame into the retention frame lumen of thedevice body. In some embodiments, a distal end of the retention frame isblunted or is covered in a smooth ball of increased cross section duringinsertion of the retention frame into the lumen. The ball may facilitatedriving the retention frame through the retention frame lumen withoutpuncturing the wall of the device body. Also in some embodiments, thedevice body may be slightly compressed between two surfaces during theinsertion of the retention frame. Compressing the device body elongatesthe opening into the retention frame lumen, facilitating loading.

In some embodiments, associating the device body with the retentionframe further includes filling the retention frame lumen with a fillingmaterial after the retention frame is loaded. The filling materialoccupies the remainder of the lumen not occupied by the retention frame,reducing the ability of the device body to stretch along, or twist orrotate about, the retention frame. For example, silicone or anotherpolymer may be injected or poured into the retention frame lumen and maycure therein. In other embodiments, associating the device body with theretention frame portion may comprise integrally forming the two portionstogether, such as by overmolding the device body about the retentionframe.

Forming one or more apertures in the device body may include laserdrilling or mechanically punching one or more holes in the device body.The apertures also may be formed simultaneously with the device body,such as by molding with an indenter as described in U.S. Pat. No.6,808,522 to Richards et al.

In block 1204, the drug tablets are formed using an embodiment of themethod 1100 described above with reference to FIG. 11, although otherdrug tablet forming methods may be used.

In block 1206, the drug tablets are loaded into the drug delivery deviceusing an embodiment of the method 1300 described below with reference toFIG. 13. Other methods of loading drug tablets also may be used.Embodiments of systems of loading solid drugs are described below withreference to FIGS. 14-15.

Some of the steps and sub-steps of the blocks 1202, 1204, and 1206 maybe performed in other orders or simultaneously. For example, theretention frame may be associated with the device body in block 1202either before or after the drug units are loaded into the device bodyblock in 1206. Similarly, the apertures may be formed in the device bodyin block 1202 either before or after the drug tablets are loaded inblock 1206.

In embodiments, the method 1200 may further include partitioning thedrug reservoir lumen into multiple discrete drug reservoirs, such as bypositioning one or more partition structures within the drug reservoirlumen in an alternating fashion with the loading of the drug tablets inblock 1206. In embodiments, the method 1200 may further include sealingthe drug tablets in the device body. The method 1200 may also includeassociating one or more release controlling structures with the drugreservoir lumen, such as a sheath or coating placed over at least aportion of the surface of the device body to control the rate of releaseof the drug or a degradable membrane positioned over or in one or moreof the apertures to control the initial time of release of the drugtherethrough.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method 1300of loading a drug delivery device with drug units. The method 1300 mayload an embodiment of the drug delivery device described herein withembodiments of the drug units described herein, although other drugdelivery devices or other drug units may be loaded. The drug deliverydevice generally includes an entry and an exit. For example, the drugdelivery device may be a flexible lumen, the entry may be an openinginto the flexible lumen, and the exit may be an opening from theflexible lumen.

In block 1302, one or more drug units are positioned upstream of thedrug delivery device adjacent to its entry, such as an opening into aflexible lumen. Positioning the drug units also may include orientingthe drug units to enter the drug delivery device and travel along alength of the drug delivery device. For example, the drug units may beoriented in a line or a row adjacent to the entry, either with automaticfeeding and orienting equipment, with a push rod, or manually.Positioning the drug units may comprise positioning the drug unitsbetween the entry and a pressurized gas source, such as by positioningthe pressurized gas source upstream of the drug units. The pressurizedgas source may be a conventional syringe filled with air or any otherembodiment of a gas source described herein.

In block 1304, the drug units are driven into the drug delivery deviceby a flow of pressurized gas. Driving the drug units into the drugdelivery device may comprise operating a pressurized gas source of thetype described herein. The pressurized gas source may provide a flow ofgas at positive pressure. The flow of gas may push the drug units intothe drug delivery device. For example, the pressurized gas source may bea simple syringe filled with air that is depressed to provide a flow ofair into the drug delivery device. In some embodiments, the flow ofpressurized gas may slightly expand the drug delivery device to ease theprocess of loading the drug units. In cases in which the drug units arealigned in the channel of a holder positioned adjacent to the entry ofthe drug delivery device, driving the drug units into the drug deliverydevice may comprise directing gas from the pressurized gas source intothe holder so that the gas drives the drug units from the holder throughthe entry. Driving the drug units into the drug delivery device also mayinclude operating a vacuum source. The vacuum source may apply anegative pressure to a volume of gas in the drug delivery device, whichmay pull the drug units into the drug delivery device. The drug unitsmay be both pushed into the device by a flow of gas at positive pressureand pulled into the device by a flow of gas at negative pressure.Driving the drug units into the drug delivery device also may includeblocking at least one orifice of the drug delivery device. Blocking anorifice may impede the flow of pressurized gas from escaping through theorifice. Driving the drug units into the drug delivery device mayfurther include stopping the drug units. For example, the drug units maybe stopped using an embodiment of a stopper described above.

Blocks 1302 and 1304 may be performed in other orders. For example, thedrug delivery device may be loaded in batches, in which case blocks 1302and 1304 may be alternated and repeated. The total dose of drug unitsmay be divided into at least two groups, a first group being positionednext to the drug delivery device in block 1302 and loaded into the drugdelivery device in block 1304 before the second group is so positionedand loaded. Still other processes are possible within the scope of thepresent disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the method 1300 further includes blocking entryand exit apertures in the device to impede the drug units from escapingintact from the drug delivery device. The blocking also impedes externalagents, such as fluid in the bladder, from entering the drug deliverydevice through the entry and exit. In such embodiments, blocking theentry and exit may include inserting a plug or other object into theentry and the exit. Inserting the plug may include stretching the entryor exit of the drug delivery device about a plug having a relativelylarger diameter or other outer dimension than an inner diameter ordimension of the drug delivery device, so that the plug substantiallyfills the entry or exit and is snugly retained in position. Inembodiments in which the entry and exit are blocked, the drug units maybe loaded in blocks 1302 and 1304 before the entry and exits areblocked. However, other sequences are possible. For example, the exitmay be blocked once the drug units have been loaded downstream of anorifice in the drug delivery device, as the orifice may provide anescape route for the gas once the exit has been blocked.

FIG. 14 is a side view of an embodiment of a system 1400 for loading adrug delivery device with one or more drug tablets or other drug units.The system 1400 may include a device holder 1420, a drug unit source1422, and a pressurized gas source 1424. The system 1400 may be used toload the drug reservoir lumen 1460 of the drug delivery device with drugunits 1462, although other drug delivery devices may be loaded. Forsimplicity, FIG. 14 does not show the retention frame portion of thedrug delivery device.

The device holder 1420 may hold the drug reservoir lumen 1460 in asuitable orientation for loading. An example device holder 1420 mayinclude an entry channel 1426 mounted to the entry 1464 of the drugreservoir lumen 1460 and an exit channel 1428 mounted to the exit 1466of the drug reservoir lumen 1460. The drug unit source 1422 may retainone or more drug units 1462 prior to loading. Examples include acartridge, a cassette, a storage bin, a hopper, or combinations of theseand other storage devices. The pressurized gas source 1424 may provide aflow of gas at a suitable pressure to drive the drug units 1462 into thedrug reservoir lumen 1460. Example pressurized gas sources 1424 mayinclude a device that supplies a pressurized flow of inert gas such asnitrogen or argon, or a device suited for pressurizing ambient air suchas a compressor. A simple syringe filled with air also may be used.

The entry channel 1426 may include a drug inlet portion 1427 and an airinlet portion 1429 as shown. The drug inlet portion 1427 may be incommunication with the drug unit source 1422 and the air inlet portion1429 may be in communication with the pressurized gas source 1424. Theair inlet portion 1429 may be angled relative to the device lumen tofacilitate the flow of pressurized gas into the entry channel 1426.However, two inlet portions need not be provided.

A downstream end of the entry channel 1426 may be coupled to the entry1464 of the drug reservoir lumen 1460, so that drug units 1462 may beloaded into the drug reservoir lumen 1460 under a flow of pressurizedgas. The exit channel 1428 may be coupled to the exit 1468 of the drugreservoir lumen 1460, so that the flow of pressurized gas may becommunicated from the drug reservoir lumen 1460 after the drug units1462 are loaded.

Before the drug units 1462 are loaded in the drug delivery device, thedrug units 1462 may be moved from the drug unit source 1422 into thedownstream portion of the entry channel 1426, so that the drug units1462 are adjacent to the entry 1464 of the drug reservoir lumen 1460.Specifically, the drug units 1462 may be moved downstream from the airinlet 1429. The drug units 1462 may be manually moved downstream of theair inlet 1429, such as using a push rod or the force of gravity asshown, or the process may be at least partially automated as describedbelow with reference to FIG. 15.

Regardless, the drug units 1462 may become positioned to enter the drugreservoir lumen 1460. The drug units 1462 may be aligned serially, witheach drug unit 1462 in a suitable orientation for passing into the drugreservoir lumen 1460. For example, a cylindrical outer surface of eachdrug unit 1462 may be oriented to contact an cylindrical inner surfaceof the drug reservoir lumen 1460, and planar end faces of the drug units1462 may be oriented to contact planar end faces of adjacent drug units1462. The drug units 1462 may be manually reoriented in a suitableorientation, or the process of orienting the drug units 1462 may beautomated, such as described below with reference to FIG. 15.

The pressurized gas source 1424 may be positioned upstream of the drugunits 1462 in the entry channel 1426. For example, the air inlet portion1429 may be located at a distance from the entry 1464 to the drugreservoir lumen 1460. The distance may be sufficient to ensure the flowof pressurized gas is applied upstream of the drug units 1462 when thedrug units 1462 are positioned in the entry channel 1426. The distancemay be selected based on, for example, the number of drug units 1462 tobe loaded and the length of each drug unit 1462. Thus, the drug units1462 may be positioned between the air inlet 1429 and the entry 1464 tothe drug reservoir lumen 1460, so that when the pressurized gas source1424 is operated, a flow of pressurized gas drives the drug units 1462into the drug reservoir lumen 1460.

A plug 1434 may be positioned in the drug inlet portion 1427 before thepressurized gas source 1424 is operated. The plug 1434 may prevent theflow of pressurized air from traveling backward through the drug inletportion 1427, ensuring the flow of pressurized air is directed throughthe entry channel 1426 to drive the drug units 1462 into the drugreservoir lumen 1460.

The pressure employed by the pressurized gas source 1424 is sufficientto drive the drug units 1462 into the drug delivery device. For example,the pressure may be selected based on factors such as the size and shapeof the drug reservoir lumen 1460, the material used to form the drugreservoir lumen 1460, the size, shape, weight, and content of the drugunits 1462, the number of drug units 1462 to be driven into the drugreservoir lumen 1460 at a time, the length of the drug reservoir lumen1460 through which the drug units 1462 travel, and the number andpositioning of orifices 1470 along the drug reservoir lumen 1460, amongother factors or combinations thereof. The pressure may be sufficient tocause the drug reservoir lumen 1460 to circumferentially expand. Thus,the flow of pressurized gas may travel about outer peripheries of thedrug units 1462, so that the gas is able to exit the drug reservoirlumen 1460 into the exit channel 1428. Also, drug units 1462 that have arelatively larger diameter than the drug reservoir lumen 1460 may beloaded, and the drug reservoir lumen 1460 may return after thepressurized gas flow abates to snugly retain the drug units 1462.

In one embodiment, an inner surface of the drug reservoir lumen 1460 isprovided with a powder coating, such as microparticles of the drug, anexcipient agent, or a combination thereof. The powder coating may act asa lubricant that decreases friction between the drug units 1462 and theinner surface of the drug reservoir lumen 1460. In such embodiments, thepressurized gas source 1424 may be operated at a reduced pressure. Thepowder coating may be supplied by pre-treating the drug reservoir lumen1460 or from slight disintegration of drug units 1462 traveling throughthe drug reservoir lumen 1460. The powder coating may be filtered at theexit channel 1428.

In one embodiment, the pressurized gas source 1424 is operablyassociated with one or more filters. For example, an upstream filter mayfilter the flow of pressurized gas entering the drug delivery device,such as to remove any contaminants that may interact with the drug units1462. As another example, a downstream filter may filter the flow ofpressurized gas exiting the drug delivery device, such as in cases inwhich powderized drug and/or excipients may be present in the gas.

The pressurized gas source 1424 also may include a vacuum 1436. Thevacuum 1436 may be positioned downstream of the exit channel 1428 incommunication with the exit 1468 of the drug reservoir lumen 1460. Thevacuum 1436 may apply a negative pressure that draws the flow ofpressurized gas from the exit 1468 to further assist the loadingprocess. However, the vacuum 1436 is not necessary and may be omitted,or the vacuum 1436 may be provided alone, in which case the pressurizedgas source 1424 may not supply a flow of pressurized gas at positivepressure to the entry 1464 of the drug reservoir lumen 1460.

In one embodiment, the system 1400 also includes an orifice blocker1438. The orifice blocker 1438 may be positioned adjacent to or in theorifice 1470 to block the flow of pressurized gas from escaping. The useof the orifice blocker 1440 may be helpful in cases in which the orifice1470 is located about the entry 1464 or an intermediate section of thedrug reservoir lumen 1460. In such cases, the flow of pressurized gasmay be inclined to escape through the orifice 1470, such as once some ofthe drug units 1462 become positioned at the exit 1466 of the drugreservoir lumen 1460. The orifice blocker 1438 may be omitted in casesin which the orifice 1470 is located adjacent to the exit 1466, or incases in which the drug units 1462 have been loaded to a position pastthe orifice 1470.

In one embodiment, the system 1400 also includes a stopper 1440. Thestopper 1440 may assist with stopping the drug units 1462 within thedrug reservoir lumen 1460. For example, the stopper 1440 may engage afirst drug unit 1462 to apply a stopping force to the first drug unit1462. Thus, the first drug unit 1462 may be stopped at a selected axialposition, such as adjacent to the exit 1466 from the drug reservoirlumen 1460. In turn, subsequent drug units 1462 may be stopped by thepreceding drug units 1462 that are no longer in motion.

The configuration of the stopper 1440 may be selected to apply anadequate stopping force to the first drug unit 1462 without damaging it.For example, the stopper 1440 may have a sufficient contact area andrigidity. In particular, the contact area of the stopper 1440 may besized and shaped to prevent the first drug unit 1462 from travelingforward while permitting the flow of pressurized gas to continuetraveling out of the drug reservoir lumen 1460.

For example, the embodiment of the stopper 1440 shown in FIG. 14includes a leg that axially extends from the exit channel 1428 into thedrug reservoir lumen 1460, and a foot that protrudes upward from adistal end of the leg. The foot may apply a stopping force to the firstdrug unit 1462 as it travels through the drug reservoir lumen 1460. Thecontact area of the foot may be large enough to stop the first drug unit1462 without completely blocking the drug reservoir lumen 1460, so thatthe pressurized air flow may continue past the foot and into the exitchannel 1428.

The stopper 1440 also may be formed by an end surface of the exitchannel 1428, which may have a surface area that contacts the first drugunit to prevent continued forward movement. The surface area of the endsurface 1442 may be increased by partially enclosing the exit channel1428, which may increase the contact area available for stopping thefirst drug unit. In some embodiments, the end surface may include one ormore cut outs or channels, which permit the flow of pressurized gas totravel past the drug units 1462 and out of the drug reservoir lumen1460. The exit channel 1428 also may have a porous end portion, whichmay act as a stopper 1440 and as a filter, such that drug powder debrisexiting the drug reservoir lumen 1460 is removed. In still otherembodiments, the stopper 1440 may be a thin wire having a diameter thatis relatively smaller than an inner diameter of the drug reservoir lumen1460, which may facilitate inserting the thin wire along the length ofthe drug reservoir lumen 1460. Thus, the thin wire may facilitatestopping the first drug unit 1462 about an intermediate section of thedrug reservoir lumen 1460 without impeding the flow of pressurized airtoward the exit 2908. On the other hand, the thin wire may have adiameter that is large enough to provide an end face with sufficientcontact area for stopping the first drug unit without imparting adamaging force or a rotating moment on the first drug unit. It should benoted that the stopper 1440 may have a combination of these and otherconfigurations in other embodiments.

FIG. 15 is a side view of another embodiment of a system 1500 forloading a drug delivery device 1560 with drug units 1562. Like thesystem 1400, the system 1500 may include a device holder 1520, a drugunit source 1522, and a pressurized gas source 1524.

As described above, the device holder 1520 may hold the drug deliverydevice 1560 during the loading process. In embodiments, the deviceholder 1520 may be configured to hold the drug delivery device 1560 in aselected shape. For example, the device holder 1520 may have a curvatureas shown. Such a device holder 1520 may be useful in cases in which thedrug delivery device 1560 includes an elastic wire that is preconfiguredto spontaneously return to a retention shape, such as a pretzel shape.The curvature of the device holder 1520 may hold the device 1560 in apartially curled state, which may permit the device 1560 to be loadedwithout completely uncurling the elastic wire. For simplicity, theelastic wire is not shown.

The drug unit source 1522 may be a drug receptacle or bin, such as ahopper 1550. The drug unit source 1522 may be in communication with adrug entry opening 1552 into an entry channel 1526 of the device holder1520. The drug unit source 1522 may be upstream from the drug entryopening 1552, such that drug units 1562 may be directed into the entrychannel 1526 at the drug entry opening 1552. The hopper 1550 may employthe force of gravity to direct drug units 1562 through the drug entryopening 1552. For example, the hopper 1550 may have a funnel shape andmay be positioned above the drug entry opening 1552. Alternatively oradditionally, the hopper 1550 may employ an external force to direct thedrug units 1562 through the drug entry opening 1552.

In some embodiments, an orienting apparatus 1554 is positioned betweenthe drug unit source 1522 and the drug entry opening 1552. The orientingapparatus 1554 may be any pharmaceutical or other materials handlingequipment suited to serialize and orient the drug units 1562 into anappropriate orientation for passing into the drug delivery device 1520.Example orienting apparatuses may include a vibratory feeder, a gravityfeeder, a centrifugal feeder, an inline feeder, tracks, or guide rails,among others or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the drug unit source 1522 is associated with a drugunit source valve 1556. The drug unit source valve 1556 may bepositioned between the drug unit source 1522 and the drug entry opening1552. The drug unit source valve 1556 may selectively permit or preventthe passage of drug units 1562 through the drug entry opening 1552.

The pressurized gas source 1524 may have any of the configurationsdescribed above, among other configurations. In some embodiments, thepressurized gas source 1524 is in communication with the entry channel1526 from a point upstream of the drug entry opening 1552 and provides aflow of pressurized gas at a positive pressure. In some embodiments, thepressurized gas source 1524 is associated with a pressurized gas sourcevalve 1558. The pressurized gas source valve 1558 may be positionedupstream of the drug entry opening 1552. The pressurized gas sourcevalve 1558 may selectively permit or prevent the flow of pressurized gasthrough the entry channel 1526. The pressurized gas source 1154 also mayinclude a vacuum positioned downstream that applies a negative pressure.

In preferred embodiments, the system 1500 includes a controller 1560.The controller 1560 may be operable to control the drug unit sourcevalve 1556 and the pressurized gas source valve 1558 to facilitateloading the drug units 1562. For example, the valves 1556, 1558 may beopened and closed in a manner that prevents the flow of pressurized gaswhen the flow of drug units 1562 is permitted, and alternatively permitsthe flow of pressurized gas when the flow of drug units 1562 isprevented. The valves 1556, 1558 may be alternated between opened andclosed positions in opposite, with an appropriate time delay as neededto compensate for delays in the system 1500 or the geometry of thesystem 1500, among others or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the controller 1560 also is operable to controlthe pressurized gas source 1524 directly. In such embodiments, thecontroller 1560 causes the pressurized gas source 1524 to provide, orprevents the pressurized gas source 1524 from providing, the flow ofpressurized gas. In such embodiments, the pressurized gas source valve1558 may or may not be provided. In embodiments in which the pressurizedgas source 1524 includes a vacuum, the controller 1560 also may controlthe vacuum. The controller 1560 may be operable to control the drug unitsource 1522 and/or the orienting apparatus 1554, in whole or in part.

FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate another embodiment of a system 1600 forloading a drug delivery device with drug units. The system 1600generally includes a holder 1602 formed from a base portion 1604 and acover portion 1606. Together, the base and cover portions 1604, 1606define a channel 1608 for receiving a number of drug tablets 1610. Thechannel 1608 may be shaped to hold a number of drug units 1610 that areserially aligned. For example, the channel 1608 may be a straight lineas shown, or the channel 1608 may curve. The channel 1610 may have across-section that is slightly larger than the drug tablets 1610 so thatthe drug tablets 1610 can fit completely within the channel 1608 in aserially arrangement.

The cover portion 1606 may be removable so that the base and coverportions 1604, 1606 can be separated to load the channel 1608 with drugtablets 1610. The cover portion 1606 also may be releasably securable tothe base portion 1604 so that the drug tablets 1610 can be secured inthe channel 1608 once loaded. For example, the cover portion 1606 may beassociated with a number of screws that can engage threaded openings inthe base portion 1604, or the cover portion 1606 may be associated witha number of clamps that can clamp to the base portion 1604. Otherconfigurations are also possible.

When the base and cover portions 1604, 1606 are secured together, thechannel 1608 is relatively enclosed except for an entry 1612 located atthe rear of the holder 1602 and an exit 1614 located at the front of theholder 1602. In operation, the entry 1612 may be associated with asource of pressurized gas and the exit 1614 may be associated with anentry opening into the drug delivery device. When the source ofpressurized gas is operated, the gas may travel through the channel 1608to drive the drug tablets 1610 through the exit 1614 of the holder andinto the entry opening in the drug delivery device.

Any source of pressurized gas may be used. In particular embodiments,the source of pressurized gas is a syringe of air associated with theentry 1612 of the holder 1600. A tip of the syringe may be inserted intothe entry 1612, and the syringe may be depressed to expel air into thechannel 1608, driving the drug units 1610 forward. Thereby, the drugdelivery device may be loaded.

In some embodiments, the holder 1602 further includes a nozzle 1616 thatfacilitates placing the channel 1608 of the holder 1600 in communicationwith the entry opening into the drug delivery device. The nozzle 1616may be located on the front of the holder 1600. The nozzle 1616 isgenerally sized to correspond to the drug delivery device so that thedevice can be placed about the nozzle 1616. In some embodiments, anouter surface of the nozzle 1616 is shaped to create a friction fit withdrug delivery device, facilitating retention of the device on the nozzle1616. For example, the nozzle 1616 may be ridged, furrowed, corrugated,or otherwise roughened. The nozzle 1616 may have a tip portion 1618 ofreduced cross-section, which is suited for guiding the nozzle 1616 intothe entry opening of the drug delivery device. The tip portion 1618 mayterminate in the exit 1614, and the channel 1608 may extend form theexit 1614 through the tip portion 1618 and remainder of the nozzle 1616to the base and cover portions 1604, 1606. When the source ofpressurized gas is operated, the drug tablets 1610 may be driven alongthe channel 1608 through the nozzle 1616 and from the exit 1614 in thetip portion 1618 into the drug delivery device. For simplicity, neitherthe drug delivery device nor the pressurized gas source are shown in thefigures.

Embodiments of the systems and methods described above facilitateloading drug delivery devices with drug tablets or other drug units in asolid form. Because the drug is substantially solid, a larger amount ofdrug may be fit in a relatively smaller space, which may permit reducingthe size of an implantable device that delivers a selected payload,increasing the payload that may be delivered from a device of a selectedsize, or a combination thereof. The increased payload and/or decreasedsize of the device may be achieved without sacrificing deviceflexibility, which may permit configuring the device between alow-profile shape suited for insertion through a deployment positionedin a lumen of the body, such as through the urethra, and a high-profileshape suited for retention in a cavity of the body. The systems andmethods may permit loading the device with multiple drug units at agiven time in a manner that is relatively quick, efficient, andrepeatable. For example, the loading process may be substantiallyautomated in some cases.

IV. Use and Applications of the Device

The device may be implanted in a body cavity or lumen, and subsequentlymay release one or more drugs for the treatment of one or moreconditions, locally to one or more tissues at the deployment site and/orregionally to other tissues distal from the deployment site. The releasemay be controlled over an extended period. Thereafter, the device may beremoved, resorbed, or excreted.

In one example, the device is implanted by passing the drug deliverydevice through a deployment instrument and releasing the device from thedeployment instrument into the body. In cases in which the device isdeployed into a body cavity such as the bladder, the device assumes aretention shape, such as an expanded or higher profile shape, once thedevice emerges from the deployment instrument into the cavity. Anexample is illustrated in FIG. 18, which shows the device 1800 assuminga retention shape as the device exits a deployment instrument 1802. Thedeployment instrument 1802 may be any suitable lumen device, such as acatheter, urethral catheter, or cystoscope. These terms are usedinterchangeably herein, unless otherwise expressly indicated. Thedeployment instrument 1802 may be a commercially available device or adevice specially adapted for the present drug delivery devices.

Once implanted, the device may release the drug. The device may provideextended, continuous, intermittent, or periodic release of a desiredquantity of drug over a desired, predetermined time period. Inembodiments, the device can deliver the desired dose of drug over anextended period, such as 12 hours, 24 hours, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, 14days, or 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, or 90 days, or more. The rate of deliveryand dosage of the drug can be selected depending upon the drug beingdelivered and the disease or condition being treated.

In embodiments in which the device comprises a drug in a solid form,elution of drug from the device occurs following dissolution of the drugwithin the device. Bodily fluid enters the device, contacts the drug andsolubilizes the drug, and thereafter the dissolved drug diffuses fromthe device or flows from the device under osmotic pressure. For example,the drug may be solubilized upon contact with urine in cases in whichthe device is implanted in the bladder.

Subsequently, the device may be retrieved from the body, such as incases in which the device is non-resorbable or otherwise needs to beremoved. Retrieval devices for this purpose are known in the art or canbe specially produced. The device also may be completely or partiallybioresorbable, such that retrieval is unnecessary, as either the entiredevice is resorbed or the device sufficiently degrades for expulsionfrom the bladder during urination. The device may not be retrieved orresorbed until some of the drug, or preferably most or all of the drug,has been released. If needed, a new drug-loaded device may subsequentlybe implanted, during the same procedure as the retrieval or at a latertime.

FIG. 19 illustrates the implantation of a device 1900 into the bladder,wherein the adult male anatomy is shown by way of example. A deploymentinstrument 1902 may be inserted through the urethra to the bladder, andthe device 1900 may be passed through the deployment instrument 1902,driven by a stylet or flow of lubricant or other fluid, for example,until the device 1900 exits into the bladder. Thus, the device isimplanted into the bladder of a male or female human patient in need oftreatment, either adult or child.

The device may be deployed into the bladder of a patient in anindependent procedure or in conjunction with another urological or otherprocedure or surgery, either before, during, or after the otherprocedure. The device may release one or more drugs that are deliveredto local and/or regional tissues for therapy or prophylaxis, eitherperi-operatively, post-operatively, or both.

In one embodiment, the implantable device, with a self-contained drugpayload, is deployed wholly within the bladder to provide local,sustained delivery of at least one drug locally to the bladder in aneffective amount. Following in vivo deployment of the device, at least aportion of the payload of drug is released from the device substantiallycontinually over an extended period, to the urothelium and possibly tonearby tissues, in an amount effective to provide treatment or toimprove bladder function in the patient. In a preferred embodiment, thedevice resides in the bladder releasing the drug over a predeterminedperiod, such as two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, a month, or more.

In such cases, the device may be used to treat interstitial cystitis,radiation cystitis, pelvic pain, overactive bladder syndrome, bladdercancer, neurogenic bladder, neuropathic or non-neuropathicbladder-sphincter dysfunction, infection, post-surgical pain or otherdiseases, disorders, and conditions treated with drugs delivered to thebladder. The device may deliver drugs that improve bladder function,such as bladder capacity, compliance, and/or frequency of uninhibitedcontractions, that reduce pain and discomfort in the bladder or othernearby areas, or that have other effects, or combinations thereof. Thebladder-deployed device also may deliver a therapeutically effectiveamount of one or more drugs to other genitourinary sites within thebody, such as other locations within urological or reproductive systemsof the body, including one or both of the kidneys, the urethra, one orboth of the ureters, the penis, the testes, one or both of the seminalvesicles, one or both of the vas deferens, one or both of theejaculatory ducts, the prostate, the vagina, the uterus, one or both ofthe ovaries, or one or both of the fallopian tubes, among others orcombinations thereof. For example, the intravesical drug delivery devicemay be used in the treatment of kidney stones or fibrosis, erectiledysfunction, among other diseases, disorders, and conditions.

In some embodiments, the intravesical drug delivery device is deployedinto the bladder of a patient for regional drug delivery to one or morenearby genitourinary sites. The device may release drug locally to thebladder and regionally to other sites near the bladder. Such deliverymay provide an alternative to systemic administration, which may entailundesirable side effects or result in insufficient bioavailability ofthe drug.

In one embodiment, the intravesical drug delivery device is implantedinto a bladder to locally deliver a local anesthetic agent formanagement of pain arising from any source, such as a disease ordisorder in genitourinary tissues, or pain stemming from any bladderprocedure, such as surgery, catheterization, ablation, medical deviceimplantation, or stone or foreign object removal, among others. Forexample, a local anesthetic agent can be released into the bladder forregional delivery to nearby sites to manage nearby pain arising from anysource, such as post-operative pain associated with the passage of amedical device into or through a ureter or other post-operative pain insites apart from the bladder.

In one particular embodiment, a device having a payload of lidocaine maybe delivered to the bladder, and lidocaine may be continuously releasedfrom the device over an extended period. In one embodiment, localdelivery of lidocaine to the urothelium of the bladder is provided fromthe presently disclosed devices which have been deployed into thebladder in a manner which achieves a sustained level of lidocaine abovethe concentration that could be obtained for an extended period viainstillation, yet without the high initial peak observed withinstillation and without significant systemic concentrations. Thereby, asmall payload may be implanted, reducing the risk of systemic effects inthe event of device failure. Implanting lidocaine in solid form permitsfurther reducing the size of the device to reduce bladder irritation andpatient discomfort. The lidocaine may be delivered without regard to thepH of the urine. In one embodiment, the device may have two payloads oflidocaine that are released at different times. The first payload may beadapted for relatively quick release, while the second payload may beadapted for more continuous release. For example, the first payload maybe in liquid form or may be housed in a relatively fast-acting osmoticpump, such as a silicone tube having a relatively thinner wall, whilethe second payload may be solid form or may be housed in an osmotic pumpthat experiences an initial delay or induction time before releasing,such as a silicone tube having a relatively thicker wall. Thus, themethod may continuously release lidocaine into the bladder during aninitial, acute phase and during a maintenance phase. Such a method maycompensate for an initial induction time of the device.

The present invention may be further understood with reference to thefollowing non-limiting examples.

Example 1 Diffusion of Drug Through the Wall of a Drug Reservoir

A study was performed to determine the feasibility of delivering drugthrough the wall of a drug reservoir via diffusion. Devices were formedform silicone tubes having an inner diameter of about 0.060 inches, anouter diameter of 0.076 inches, and a length of about 3 cm. The deviceswere loaded with solid drug tablets of lidocaine, for a total payload ofabout 60 mg. Some of the devices included an aperture formed through thetube wall, the aperture having a diameter of 150 μm. These devices wereloaded with solid tablets of either lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrateor a combination of lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate and lidocainebase. Other devices did not include an aperture and were loaded withsolid drug tablets of lidocaine base. The devices were tested in vitroin water at about 37° C. Release profile data demonstrated that it isfeasible to deliver drug via diffusion through a silicone wall withoutan aperture. The release rate was relatively zero-order over a period ofabout four days, tapering off thereafter, with the release rate varyingbased on the device.

Another study was performed to investigate the feasibility of deliveringdrug from a device through both a wall of a drug reservoir and from anaperture in the wall of the drug reservoir. Devices were formed formsilicone tubes having a length of about 3 cm. The devices were loadedwith solid drug tablets of lidocaine base, for a total payload of about60 mg. Five devices had an inner diameter of about 0.060 inches and anouter diameter of 0.076 inches. The first device had one aperture with adiameter of about 150 μm, the second device had two apertures that eachhad a diameter of about 360 μm, the third device had thirty aperturesthat each had a diameter of about 360 μm, the fourth device had sixtyapertures that each had a diameter of about 360 μm, and the fifth devicehad no apertures. A sixth device had an inner diameter of about 0.062inches, an outer diameter of 0.095 inches, and no apertures. The deviceswere tested in vitro in water at about 37° C. Release profile datashowed that lidocaine base can be released from a silicone tube withoutany apertures and that the release rate can be increased by addingapertures to the device.

Example 2 Study of Particle Size Increase of Lidocaine Via Slugging

Another study was performed to determine the feasibility of increasingthe particle size of lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate by slugging. A7/16″ flat beveled die was used for the study. In one case, an attemptwas made to slug lidocaine without any added excipient. However, thelidocaine would not fill the die cavity, even after a force feeder wasemployed. A composition was then formed by blending lidocaine and PVP.The composition included of 97.1% lidocaine and 2.9% PVP by weight. Thecomposition was subjected to a slugging process, which generatedgranules with an average particle size of about 424 micron. However, ahigh percentage of the composition was wasted upon sieving.Particularly, when the granules were sieved with a #30 mesh screen,about 52% of the granules passed through the sieve, about 30% of thegranules remained above the sieve, and the remainder of the granuleswere lost to mill waste. This approach is less favored due to the highscrap rate associated with the slugging process, the poor particle sizedistribution of the slugged composition, difficulty in packing theslugged composition to achieve a suitable packing density for tableting,and issues during tableting such as sticking.

Example 3 Study of Particle Size Increase of Lidocaine Via RollerCompaction

Yet another study was performed to determine the feasibility ofincreasing the particle size of lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate byroller compaction. In one case, lidocaine without any added excipientwas processed by roller compaction, which generated granules with anaverage particle size of about 666 micron. When the granules were sievedwith a #40 mesh screen, about 28% of the granules passed through thesieve and about 72% of the granules remained above the sieve. Acomposition was then formed by blending lidocaine and PVP. Thecomposition included 97.1% lidocaine and 2.9% PVP by weight. Thecomposition was subjected to roller compaction, which generated granuleswith an average particle size of about 776 micron. When the granuleswere sieved with a #40 mesh screen, about 25% of the granules passedthrough the sieve and about 75% of the granules remained above thesieve. The granules were more robust and included fewer fines than thegranules produced through roller compaction alone. However, the processwas inefficient since the granules were subjected to fluid bedgranulation in advance of the roller compaction process.

Example 4 Study of Particle Size Increase of Lidocaine Via Fluid BedGranulation

A study was performed to determine the feasibility of increasing theparticle size of lidocaine via fluid bed granulation. In each instance,lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate was granulated in a fluid bedgranulator in the presence of a granulating agent, either water or anaqueous solution of 10% PVP. The batch size of the lidocaine and thespray rate for the granulating agent were recorded, along with the runtime and the amount of granulated material generated. The results of thestudy are provided below in Table 1. The results generally indicate thatlidocaine is not amenable to fluid bed granulation with water as thegranulating agent, as particle size was not increased. However,lidocaine is amenable to fluid bed granulation with an aqueous solutionof PVP. The spray rate of the PVP solution should be controlled toensure proper granulation, and the inlet temperature should becontrolled to prevent melting of the lidocaine.

TABLE 1 Results of Lidocaine Fluid Bed Granulation Study Batch SizeActive Ingredient Spray Rate Granulating Agent Run Time/Amount ResultLidocaine 600 g Granulation was too wet. Particle size was DI Water 10g/min acceptable, but agglomeration and aggregation Not recordedoccurred upon sitting. Try lower spray rate. Lidocaine 600 g Batch toosmall; no improvement in particle size, DI Water 4-6 g/min flow, orhandling; blocking overnight. Composition 25 min/120 g was moisturesensitive. Agglomeration and clogging resulted. Try larger batch size,longer run time. Lidocaine 1000 g No improvement in particle size, flow,or handling; DI Water 4.5-6.5 g/min blocking overnight. 54.5 min/300 g  Try another granulating agent. Lidocaine 1000 g Good particle size,flow, and handling. Clogging 10% PVP solution 4-8 g/min on inlet screendue to high inlet temperature above 46 min/300 g melting point of drugTry different spray rate, lower inlet temp. Lidocaine 1000 g Goodparticle size, flow, and 10% PVP solution 4.5-6.5 g/min Handling: nore-agglomeration 50 min/300 g Lidocaine 1000 g Good particle size, flow,and 10% HPC solution 4.5-6.5 g/min Handling; no re-agglomeration 51min/275 g

Example 5 Study of Direct Compression of Lidocaine Tablets

A study was performed to determine the feasibility of forming alidocaine tablet by direction compression of a powder or powder blend.Various tablet compositions were tested using a Korsch XL tablet press.A laboratory scale conical mill and a V-blender were also employed inthe study. One composition consisted of only lidocaine HCl H₂O (obtainfrom Spectrum Chemical). Other compositions included a relatively highweight percentage of lidocaine and a relatively low weight percentage ofone of several different excipients. Table 2 describes the varioustablet compositions, tablet size, and the results of the directcompression process to form the tablets. The results of the studyindicate that lidocaine tableting may be facilitated by adding at leastsome excipient to the tableted composition, such as to reduce theejection forces, to improve the flowability of the composition, and toreduce residue and sticking within the tableting apparatus.

TABLE 2 Results of Lidocaine Direct Compression Study % by Weight % byWeight Tablet No. Lidocaine Excipient Size Result 1 100% Lidocaine NoneInsert Ejection force exceeded compression force. 2 95% Lidocaine 5%Sodium Benzoate 0.25 in. Some residue on die. Some sticking. 3 95%Lidocaine 5% Sodium Acetate 0.25 in. Some residue on die. Some sticking.Higher ejection force. 4 94.7% Lidocaine 5.3% Leucine 0.25 in. Someresidue on table. Lower ejection force. 5 92% Lidocaine 8% PEG 8000 0.25in. No residue on table. Higher ejection force. 6 95% Lidocaine 5%Poloxamer 407 0.25 in. Poor flow upon holding after blending. 7 95%Lidocaine 5% Poloxamer 188 0.25 in. Poor flow upon holding afterblending.

Example 6 Tableting Lidocaine and Various Excipients

A study was performed to determine the feasibility of tabletinglidocaine with various excipients. In each instance, a compositionhaving lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate, povidone, and PEG 8000 invarious amounts was processed into [mini-] tablets on a tablet machine.The results of the study are provided below in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Results of Lidocaine Tableting Study No. Composition Result 1Lidocaine (89.34%) Ran for 30 minutes. Stable. Povidone (2.66%) NoPicking. Good formula. PEG 8000 (8.00%) 2 Lidocaine (92.23%) Nosticking. Povidone (2.77%) Ejection forces were higher than Leucine(5.00%) compression forces. 3 Lidocaine (95.15%) Ran for 15 minutes. Nosticking. Povidone (2.85%) Some instability in compression forces PEG8000 (2.00%) due to insufficient lubrication. 4 Lidocaine (89.34%) Ranfor 60 minutes without problems. Povidone (2.66%) Preferred formula. PEG8000 (8.00%) 5 Lidocaine (93.20%) Ran for five minutes. No sticking.Povidone (2.80%) Some instability in compression forces PEG 8000 (4.00%)due to insufficient lubrication. 6 Lidocaine (91.26%) Ran for 15minutes. No sticking. Povidone (2.746%) Some instability in compressionforces PEG 8000 (6.00%) due to insufficient lubrication

Example 7 Tableting Various Drugs without Excipients

Mini-tablets were made from various different drugs. In a first test,mini-tablets were made from lidocaine (base). In a second test,mini-tablets were made from bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate. In athird test, mini-tablets were made from mepivacaine hydrochloride. In afourth test, mini-tablets were made from oxybutynin hydrochloride. In afifth test, mini-tablets were made from oxybutynin base. Each tabletingtest produced mini-tablets successfully. The mini-tablets had a diameterof about 1.5 mm and a length of about 2 mm. No excipients were added toany of the tableted compositions.

Publications cited herein and the materials for which they are cited arespecifically incorporated by reference. Modifications and variations ofthe methods and devices described herein will be obvious to thoseskilled in the art from the foregoing detailed description. Suchmodifications and variations are intended to come within the scope ofthe appended claims.

1. A drug delivery device comprising: a device body comprising a drugreservoir lumen and a retention frame lumen; a plurality of solid,compressed drug tablets positioned in the drug reservoir lumen; and aretention frame positioned in the retention frame lumen.
 2. The drugdelivery device of claim 1, further comprising an interstice formedbetween any two adjacent drug tablets, the interstice facilitatingdeformation of the device body.
 3. The drug delivery device of claim 1,wherein the drug tablets are mini-tablets aligned in the drug reservoirlumen.
 4. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein the drug tabletscomprise lidocaine hydrochloride in tablet form.
 5. The drug deliverydevice of claim 1, wherein the drug tablets comprise lidocaine base intablet form.
 6. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein the devicebody comprises: a drug reservoir tube that defines the drug reservoirlumen; and a retention frame tube that defines the retention framelumen, the retention frame tube longitudinally aligned and coupled tothe drug reservoir tube.
 7. The drug delivery device of claim 6, whereinthe drug reservoir tube and the retention frame tube are formed togetherby an extrusion process or a molding process.
 8. The drug deliverydevice of claim 7, wherein the two tubes comprise a water permeablesilicone.
 9. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein the devicebody comprises an aperture in fluid communication with the drugreservoir lumen.
 10. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein theretention frame is configured to spontaneously assume a pretzel-likeshape.
 11. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein the retentionframe comprises an elastic wire.
 12. A method for loading a drugdelivery device, the method comprising: positioning one or more soliddrug units upstream of the drug delivery device; and driving the drugunits into the drug delivery device with a flow of pressurized gas. 13.The method of claim 13, wherein the drug delivery device comprises anelastic tube.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein positioning one ormore drug units upstream of the drug delivery device further comprisesorienting the drug units to enter the drug delivery device.
 15. Themethod of claim 13, wherein positioning one or more drug units upstreamof the drug delivery device further comprises aligning the drug units ina row adjacent to an entry into the drug delivery device.
 16. The methodof claim 13, wherein driving the drug units into the drug deliverydevice with a flow of pressurized gas comprises directing a positivepressure gas flow toward an entry of the drug delivery device.
 17. Themethod of claim 13, wherein driving the drug units into the drugdelivery device with a flow of pressurized gas comprises depressing asyringe filled with air.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein driving thedrug units into the drug delivery device with a flow of pressurized gascomprises operating a vacuum associated with an exit of the drugdelivery device.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein driving the drugunits into the drug delivery device with a flow of pressurized gasfurther comprises blocking at least one orifice of the drug deliverydevice to impede the flow of pressurized gas from escaping.
 20. Themethod of claim 13, further comprising stopping the drug units fromexiting the drug delivery device.
 21. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising permitting the flow of pressurized gas to travel about outerperipheries of the drug units.
 22. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising filtering the flow of pressurized gas before the gas entersthe drug delivery device to remove contaminants.
 23. The method of claim13, further comprising filtering the flow of pressurized gas after thegas exits the drug delivery device to remove at least a portion of anydrug particles and/or excipient particles entrained in the pressurizedgas.
 24. A system for loading a drug delivery device, comprising: anentry channel in communication with the drug delivery device, the entrychannel comprising a drug entry opening; a drug unit source incommunication with the entry channel via the drug entry opening; and apressurized gas source in communication with the entry channel from alocation upstream of the drug entry opening, wherein the pressurized gassource is operable to direct a flow of pressurized gas through the entrychannel.
 25. The system of claim 24, further comprising: a drug unitsource valve operable to selectively permit or prevent drug units frompassing through the drug entry opening; a pressurized gas source valveoperable to selectively permit or prevent the flow of pressurized gasfrom passing through the entry channel; and a controller operable tocontrol the drug unit source valve and the pressurized gas source valve.